Wild edible vegetables of ethnic communities of Mizoram (Northeast India): an ethnobotanical study in thrust of marketing potential

Lalmuanpuii, Rosie; Zodinpuii, Betsy; Bohia, Beirachhitha; Zothanpuia; Lalbiaknunga, J.; Singh, Prashant Kumar

doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00680-1

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 List of WEVs documented during field survey with local name, family, life form, available season, part use(s), mode of consumption, IUCN GCS* Ethnic groups: H- Hmar, P- Paihte

From: Wild edible vegetables of ethnic communities of Mizoram (Northeast India): an ethnobotanical study in thrust of marketing potential

Sl/no	Botanical name/ voucher codes	Local name	Family	Life-Forms	Available season	Part use(s)	Mode of consumption	Other local uses	IUCN GCS	References
1	Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K.Jansen /MZUBOT0201	P; Ansalai H; Ansapui	Asteraceae	Herb	Feb–Nov	Leaves/ shoots	Salad/fried/ Boiled	Fodder, medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
2	Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen/MZUBOT0202	P; Ansa malngat	Asteraceae	Herb	Feb–Nov	Leaves/ shoots	Boiled/ Fried/ Salad	Medicine, fodder	LC	Konsam et al. [31] Kar et al. [29]
3	Aganope thyrsiflora (Benth.) Polhill. /MZUBOT0203	H, P; Hulhu	Fabaceae	Climber	Feb–Apr	Leaves/Shoots	Boiled/ fried	Fuelwood	NE	Kar et al. [32]
4	Alocasia fornicata (Kunth) Schott/MZUBOT0204	H, P; Baibing	Araceae	Herb	Jul–Sep	Flower bud	Boiled/ Fried	Fodder	LC	Kar et al. [32]
5	Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. /MZUBOT0205	H;An-ngharil P; Nghagilkhate	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Mar–Sep	Leaves	Fried		LC	Kar et al. [32], Chauhan et al.[33]
6	Amaranthus spinosus L./ MZUBOT0206	P; Lenling nei	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Apr–Sep	Leaves/Shoots	Combined with other vegetables	Fodder	NE	Kar et al. [32]
7	Amaranthus viridis L./ MZUBOTO207	H; Lenhling hling neilo P; Lenling neilo	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Apr–Sep	Leaves /Shoots	Combined with other vegetables	Fodder, medicine	NE	Kar et al.[34], Singh et al. [35]
8	Amomum dealbatum Roxb./MZUBOT0208	H; Aihri (Aidu) P;Aigechil	Zingiberaceae	Herb	Jan–Apr	Inflorescence	Boiled/Fried	Medicine, crafting	DD	Kar et al. [29]
9	Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogner &Mayo/ MZUBOT0209	H, P; Telhawngpa	Araceae	Herb	Aug–Dec	Tuber	Boiled/Fried	Fodder	NE	Kar et al. [29]
10	Antidesma bunius( L.) Spreng./ MZUBOT0210	P; Tuaitit H; Mang Tuaitit	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	Mar–Aug	Leaves	combined with meat	Fuelwood, fodder, construction, medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
11	Aralia foliolosa Seem. ex C.B.Clarke/ MZUBOT0211	H;Hlingthufir P;Lingdawng	Araliaceae	Shrub	Mar–Aug	Leaves /Shoots	Boiled/Fried	Fuelwood	LC	Kar et al. [29]
12	Aralia dasyphylla Miq./MZUBOT0212	H; Hlingthufir suak P; Lingdawng suag	Araliaceae	Shrub	Mar–Aug	Leaves /Shoots	Boiled/Fried	Fuelwood	LC	–
13	Asparagus officinalis L./MZUBOT0213	H; Thingribuk	Asparagaceae	Climber	Apr–Sep	Shoot	Fried	Medicine	LC	Konsam et al. [31], Thakur et al. [36], Kar et al. [29]
14	Azadirachta indica A. Juss/ MZUBOT0214	H, P; Neem	Meliaceae	Tree	Jan–Oct	Leaves	Fried/ Salad	Fuelwood, construction, medicine	LC	Bhagat et al. [37]
15	Bambusa tulda Roxb/ MZUBOT0215	H: Rawthing P: Rawting	Poaceae	Bamboo	May–Oct	Tender shoot	Combined with fermented pork	Fuelwood, crafting	NE	–
16	Blumea myriocephala (DC.)H. Rob. / MZUBOT0216	H, P; Buardap	Asteraceae	Herb	Aug–Nov	Leaves	Boiled	Fodder	NE	–
17	Brassaiopsis hainla (Buch. -Ham.) Seem. /MZUBOT0217	H; Antumbu P; Antumbu	Araliaceae	Tree	Apr–Sep	Leaves/Shoot	Boiled	Fencing	NE	Meitei et al. [38]
18	Calamus erectus Roxb. / MZUBOT0218	H; Hruizik P; Chingzik	Arecaceae	Cane	whole year	Tender shoot	Boiled	Crafting	LC	Kar et al. [29]
19	Calamus tenuis Roxb. / MZUBOT0219	H, P; Thilthek	Arecaceae	Cane	whole year	Tender shoot	Boiled	Crafting, medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
20	Caryota mitis Lour. / MZUBOT0220	H; Meihle P; Meile	Arecaceae	Palm	whole year	Shoots	Boiled	Ornamental	LC	Kar et al. [29]
21	Caryota urens L./MZUBOT0221	H, P; Tum	Arecaceae	Palm	whole year	Shoots	Boiled	Ornamental	LC	Kar et al. [29], Meitei et al. [38]
22	Centella asiatica L./ MZUBOT0222	H; Lambak P; Lambak	Umbelliferae	Herb	Apr–Oct	Whole plants	Raw	Fodder, medicine	LC	Konsam et al. [31], Kar et al. [29]
23	Chenopodium album (L.) Urb./ MZUBOT0223	H, P; Kawlbuh	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Mar–May	Leaves /Shoot	Combined with rice	Medicine	NE	Konsam et al. [31], Thakur et al. [36], Kar et al. [29]
24	Clerodendrum bracteatum Wall./ MZUBOT0224	H, P; Phuihnam/ Anphui	Lamiaceae	Tree	Jan–Oct	Leaves	Combined with meat/ other vegetables	Medicine, fuelwood, fencing	NE	Konsam et al. [31], Kar et al. [29]
25	Cordia dichotoma G. Forster /MZUBOT0225	P; Muk	Boraginacea	Tree	April–Oct	Leaves	combined with meat	Timber, fuelwood, medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29], Chauhan et al. [33], Bhatia et al. [39]
26	Crotalaria tetragona Roxb. Ex Andr. / MZUBOT0226	H, P; Tumthang	Fabaceae	Shrub	Sep–Dec	Flowers	Combined with meat		NE	Kar et al. [29]
27	Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro/MZUBOT0227	H; Phulrua P; pul lua	Poaceae	Bamboo	May–Oct	Tender shoot	Combined with fermented pork	Construction, fuelwood, fodder	NE	Kar et al. [29]
28	Dendrocalamus longispathus (Kurz)/MZUBOT0228	H; Rawnal P;Rawnal	Poaceae	Bamboo	May–Oct	Tender shoot	Combined with fermented pork	Construction	NE	Deb et al.[40]
29	Dioscorea alata L./MZUBOT0229	H, P; Ram bahra	Dioscoreaceae	Climber	Whole year	Tuber	Boiled	Fodder	NE	Meitei et al. [38]
30	Dioscorea bulbifera L/ MZUBOT0230	H;Bachhim	Dioscoreaceae	Climber	Aug–Nov	Tuber	Boiled	Medicine	NE	Kar et al. [29]
31	Diplazium esculentum / (Rets.) Sw. MZUBOT0231	H, P; Chakawk	Athyriaceae	Herb	Mar–Nov	Leaves	fried/boiled/ Salad		LC	Konsam et al. [31], Thakur et al. [36], Kar et al. [29]
32	Dysoxylum excelsum Blume/ MZUBOT0232	H; Thingthupui P; Singthupi	Meliaceae	Tree	Apr–Sep	Leaves/shoots	Boiled/ Fried	Medicine, fodder, construction, fuelwood	NE	Konsam et al. [31] Kar et al. [29]
33	Elatostema rupestre (Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don) Wedd /MZUBOT0233	H;Mangmanmim	Urticaceae	Herb	Whole year	Leaves	Combined with rice		NE	–
34	Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman /MZUBOT0234	H; Saisua/saisu P; Saisuang	Musaceae	Herb	Whole year	Shoots	Combined with fermented pork	Medicine, fodder	NT	Kar et al. [29]
35	Eryngium foetidum L/. MZUBOT0235	H, P; Bachikhawm	Apiaceae	Herb	Mar–Nov	Whole plant	Raw	Medicine	LC	Konsam et al. [31]
36	Eurya acuminata.DC/ MZUBOT0236	H, P; Sihzo/ Sihneh	Pentaphylacaceae	Tree	whole year	Leaves	Combined with rice Dried form /Combined with meat	Construction, fuelwood, fencing	NE	Konsam et al.,2016, Kar et al. [29]
37	Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. / MZUBOT0237	H, P; Anbawng	Polygonaceae	Herb	Mar–Sep	Leaves	Combined with fermented pork	Medicine, fodder	NE	Konsam et al. [31], Thakur et al. [36], Kar et al. [29]
38	Ficus auriculata Lour. /MZUBOT0238	H; Theibal	Moraceae	Tree	Whole year	Leaves	Cook with dry fishes	Construction, fuelwood	LC	Thakur et al. [36], Kar et al. [29]
39	Glinus oppositifolius Aug. DC. / MZUBOT0239	H; Bakhate	Molluginaceae	Herb	Apr–Nov	Leaves	Fried	Medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
40	Gnetum gnemon L/ MZUBOT0240	H; Pelh	Gnetaceae	Herb	Jun–Sep	Leaves	Fried	Fuelwood, fodder	LC	Kar et al. [29]
41	Gynura cusimbua S. Moore/ MZUBOT0241	H; Tlangnal P; Tangnal	Asteraceae	Herb	Mar–July	Leaves/ shoots	Fried	Fodder	NE	Kar et al. [29]
42	Houttuynia cordata Thunb. / MZUBOT0242	H, P; Uithinthang	Saururaceae	Herb	Feb–Aug	Leaves	Salad	Medicine	NE	Konsam et al. [31]
43	Lepionurus sylvestris Blume/ MZUBOT0243	H; Anpangthuam P: Anpangthuam	Opiliaceae	Shrub	Whole year	Tender leaves	Raw/ cooked with fermented pork	Fuelwood, construction, medicine	NE	Konsam et al. [31]
44	Luffa acutangula Roxb./ MZUBOT0244	H, P; Awmpawng	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Apr–Aug	Fruits	Fried		NE	Kar et al. [29], Bhagat et al. [37]
45	Marsdenia formosana Masam/MZUBOT0245	H; Phai ankhate P; Ankhaneu	Apocyanaceae	Climber	whole year	Leaves / Shoots	Cook with fermented pork	Medicine	NE	Kar et al. [29]
46	Marsdenia maculata Hook. /MZUBOT0246	H; Ankhapui P; Ankhapi	Apocyanaceae	Climber	whole year	Leaves / Shoot	Cook with fermented pork	Medicine	NE	Kar et al. [29]
47	Meloccana baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz /MZUBOT0247	H, P: Mautak	Poaceae	Bamboo	Apr–Sep	Shoots	Pickle/ Fried/ Combined with fermented pork/ meat/ Boiled/ dried form	Fodder, fuelwood, construction	NE	Kar et al. [29], Meitei et al. [38]
48	Momordica charantia L./ MZUBOT0248	H; Kharek/ Changkhate P; Tangkhamal neu	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Apr–Oct	Fruits/ Leaves	Fried	Medicine	NE	Kar et al. [29]
49	Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd./ MZUBOT0249	H, P; Maitamtawk	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	May–Jun	Fruits	Fried/boiled		NE	Konsam et al. [31], Bhagat et al. [37]
50	Morus indica L./ MZUBOT0250	P; Thing theihmi	Moraceae	Tree	Whole year	Leaves	combined with meat	Fodder, fuelwood, construction	LC	Kar et al. [29]
51	Musa balbisiana Colla/ MZUBOT0251	H; Tumbu P; Nahtangum	Musaceae	Herb	whole year	Inflorescence	Boiled/ Pickle/ Combined with fermented soya bean	Fodder, construction, medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
52	Musa paradisiaca L./ MZUBOT0252	H P; Lairawk	Musaceae	Herb	whole year	Inflorescence	Boiled/ Pickle/ Combined with fermented soya bean	Fodder, medicineconstruction	LC	–
53	Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz /MZUBOT0253	H, P; Pualchangkawk/ Archangkawm	Bignoniaceae	Tree	Aug–Nov	Fruits	Salad	Fuelwood, construction, medicine	NE	Kar et al. [29]
54	Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr/. MZUBOT0254	H, P; Zawngtah	Fabaceae	Tree	Oct–Apr	Fruits	Raw/ fried/ mixed with fermented pork	Medicine, fuelwood, construction	NE	Kar et al. [29]
55	Picria fel-terrae Lour./ MZUBOT0255	H, P; Tlungkha/ khatual	Linderniaceae	Herb	May–Dec	leaves / Shoot	Combined with meat, Dried form	Medicine	NE	–
56	Plantago major L./ MZUBOT0256	H; Vawkna-an P; Vawkbilte	Plantaginaceae	Herb	Mar–Sep	Leaves	fried	Medicine	NE	Konsam et al. [31], Kar et al. [29]
57	Portulaca oleracea L./ MZUBOT0257	H; Bawk ek an	Portulacaceae	Herb	Mar–Nov	Whole plant	Fried	Medicine, fodder	NE	Konsam et al. [31], Thakur et al. [36], Singh et al. [41]
58	Rhynchotechum ellipticum (Wall. ex D.Dietr.) A.DC /MZUBOT0258	H; Tiarrep P;Chiaklep	Gesneriaceae	Shrub	Apr–Aug	Leaves	Combined with fermented soybeans or pork	Medicine, fodder	NE	Kar et al. [29]
59	Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin/ MZUBOT0259	H; Khanghu P; Khanghmuk	Fabaceae	Tree	Mar–May	Leaves/Shoot	Boiled/fried	Fuelwood, fencing, medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
60	Senna occidentalis L./ MZUBOT0260	H; Rengan P; Lengan	Fabaceae	Shrub	May–Jul	Leaves	Combined with rice		NE	Kar et al. [29]
61	Solanum americanum Mill./ MZUBOT0261	H; Mit-thut/Anhling P; An zo	Solanaceae	Herb	Feb–Oct	Leaves / Shoot	Fried/ Boiled	Fodder, medicine	NE	Konsam et al. [31], Kar et al. [29]
62	Solanum torvum Sw./ MZUBOT0262	H; Tawkpui P; Samphawk pi	Solanaceae	Shrub	May–Jul	Fruits	Fried/Raw	Fuelwood, medicine	LC	Konsam et al. [31]
63	Solanum anguivi Lam./ MZUBOT0263	H; Tawkte P; Samphawk neu	Solanaceae	Shrub	Apr–Jul	Fruits	Boiled with other vegetables	Medicine	LC	Kar et al. [29]
64	Solanum lycopersicum L. Dunal /MZUBOT0264	H, P; Tomato te	Solanaceae	Climber	Feb–Dec	Fruits	raw/salad		NE	Kar et al. [29]
65	Solena heterophylla Lour. / MZUBOT0265	H;Uiluvun	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Apr–Jun	Leaves/Shoot	Cook with fermented pork		NE	–
66	Thladiantha cordifolia Cogn /MZUBOT0266	H; kangmang P; Mang kang	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Sept–Apr	Leaves	Combined with fermented pork		NE	Kar et al. [29]
67	Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis./ MZUBOT0267	H; Kawhtebel P; Uilusing	Araliacea	Tree	Feb–April	Flower bud	Boiled/ Fried	Construction	LC	Kar et al. [29]
68	Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq./ MZUBOT0268	H, P; Telhawngnu	Araceae	Herb	Aug–Dec	Bulb	Boiled/ Fried	Fodder	NE	Kar et al. [29]
69	Wendlandia budleioides Wall.ex Wight&Arn / MZUBOT0269	H; Ba-tling P; Bating	Rubiaceae	Tree	Feb–April	Flower bud	Boiled/ Fried	Fuelwood, fodder, construction	NE	Konsam et al. [31] Kar et al. [29]
70	Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb).Dc/MZUBOT0270	H, P: Chingit	Rutaceae	Tree	Aug–Dec	Leaves /shoot	Combined with other vegetables or fermented soya bean/ fried		LC	Konsam et al. [31], Doni and Gajurel. [42]

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