Table 2 Inventory of plants used for the management of pests and diseases affecting crops in villages of Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The botanical names were confirmed and verified using the ‘World Flora Online’ (http://www.worldfloraonline.org/) and ‘Plants of the World Online’ (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/). *Local/common name: S, Sepedi; Tso, Xitsonga; Swa, siSwati; Eng, English. UV = use-value. RFC = relative frequency of citation

Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (KNS 14)

Fabaceae

Black wattle (Eng); Mosheshet (S)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil

Termites, ants, tree squirrel, cabbage looper, rat, African striped skink

Black spot

Aloe arborescens Mill. (KNS 22)

Asphodelaceae

Krantz aloe (Eng); Kgopa (S); Mangane (Tso)

Leaves are cut, macerated (soaked) in a 2-L water and sprayed on the crops

Termites, aphids, ants, and leaf miner, tree squirrel, rat, African striped skink, root knot

Black spot, root rot

Allium cepa L. (KNS 19)

Amaryllidaceae

Eie (S); Onion (Eng): Tinyala (Tso); Anyanisi (Swa)

Bulbs are carefully cut, macerated (soaked) in boiled water and sprayed on the crops

Armyworm, cutworm, aphids, ants, leaf miner, reptiles, bugs, snails

Damping rot, maize ear, black spot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, root rot, bacterial spot

Allium sativum L. (KNS 18)

Amaryllidaceae

Garlic (Eng); Kaliki (S); Igarlic (Swa)

Bulbs are carefully cut and macerated (soaked) in 5-L water bucket either cold or hot water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, birds, armyworm, leaf miner

Black spot, bacterial spot

Annona squamosa L. (KNS 05)

Annonaceae

Motllepo wa sekgowa (S); Sugar apple (Eng)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil

Termites, ants, tree squirrel, cabbage looper, rat, African striped skink

Black spot, bacterial spot, white rust

Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. (KNS 15)

Asteraceae

Lenganangana (S); African wormwood (Eng)

Whole plant is carefully cut and macerated (soaked) with 5-L cold or boiled water and drenched on the soil

Aphids, snails, cutworm, leaf miner, termite

Unspecified

Bidens pilosa L (KNS 08)

Asteraceae

Blackjack (Eng) Moshitja (S)

Whole plant is macerated (soaked) and prepared as decoction (boiled) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, armyworm, ants, tree squirrel, rat, African striped skink

Leaf spot, powdery mildew

Capsicum annuum L. (KNS 07)

Solanaceae

Chilli pepper (Eng); Pherefere (S); Virivirri (Tso); Epelepele (Swa)

Fruit is macerated (soaked) and prepared as decoction (boiled) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Leaf miner, armyworm, ants, termites, aphids, cutworm, root knot, locust

Black spot, root rot, leaf spot, powdery mildew, white rust

Carica papaya L. (KNS 03)

Caricaceae

Mophopho (S); Papaya (Eng)

Leaves are macerated (soaked) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, armyworm, ants, leaf miner, grasshopper, termites, cutworm

Damping rot

Cannabis sativa

L. (KNS 10)

Cannabaceae

Patja (S); Mbange (Tso.)

Leaves are macerated (soaked) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, armyworm, ants, tree squirrel, rat, African striped skink

Leaf spot, powdery mildew

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. (KNS 02)

Euphorbiaceae

Chaya (Eng); Sepeneše sa chaya (S); Xipinichi xa chaya (Tso); Sipinachi se chaya (Swa)

Leaves are macerated (soaked) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Armyworm, aphids, termites, cutworms

Leaf spot, powdery mildew

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (KNS 09)

Fabaceae

Sickle bush (Eng); Dzenge (Tso.); Moreke (S)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil and sprayed on the crops

Ants, beetle, cutworm, termites, leaf miner

Damping rot, maize ear, white rust

Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. (KNS 17)

Myrtaceae

Karri (Eng); Mogamose (S)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil and sprayed on the crops

Cutworm, ants, aphids, armyworm

Damping rot

Mangifera indica L. (KNS 12)

Anacardiaceae

Mango (Eng); Menku (S); Mongose (Tso)

Stem is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil and sprayed on the crops

Armyworm, leaf miner, ants, root rot, birds

Black spot, Damping rot,

Manihot esculenta Crantz. (KNS 04)

Euphorbiaceae

Cassava (Eng); Morogo wa Motombhula (S); Ntsumbula (Tso)

Leaves are macerated (soaked) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, cutworm, leaf miner, termites, armyworm

Black spot

Moringa oleifera Lam. (KNS 06)

Moringaceae

Moringa (Eng); Mohlare wa kotana ya moropa (S);

Leaves are macerated (soaked) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Termites, cutworm, leaf miner, ants, armyworm, termites

Black spot

Nicotiana tabacum Vell. (KNS 13)

Solanaceae

Blara (S); Tobacco (Eng);

Leaves are macerated (soaked) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Leaf miner, armyworm, ants, termites, aphids

Damping rot, maize ear

Pinus pinaster Aiton. (KNS 11)

Pinaceae

Mopai (S); Pine tree (Eng.)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil and sprayed or applied on the crops

Aphids, cutworm, leaf miner, ants, armyworm, termites

Black spot, bacterial spot

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (KNS 01)

Anacardiaceae

Marula (Eng); Mohlare wa Morula (S); Nkanyi (Tso.); Sihlahla Sebuganu (Swa)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water drenched on the soil and sprayed or applied on the crops

Cutworm, termites, leaf miner

Damping rot

Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich.(KNS 16)

Solanaceae

Tholwana (S); Goat bitter-apple (Eng); Nduloane (Tso)

Fruit is macerated (soaked) and prepared as decoction (boiled) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Termites, armyworm, leaf miner, ants, armyworm, aphids, cutworm, locust, tree squirrel, rat, African striped skink

Black spot, maize ear

Strychnos madagascariensis Poir

(KNS 23)

Loganiaceae

Mogwagwa (S); Nkwakwa (Tso)

Whole plant is collected as firewood and burnt; the resultant ash is applied on the crops. Ash is mixed with 2-L water and drenched on the soil, sprayed or applied on the crops. Macerated (soaked) and sprayed on the crops

African striped skink, cutworm, bugs, root knot

Damping rot, leaf spot, powdery mildew

Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (KNS 21)

Amaryllidaceae

Wild garlic (Eng); Konofolo (S)

Whole plant is macerated (soaked) and as decoction (boiled) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, birds, armyworm, leaf miner, termites, ants, cutworm, locust, root knot

Black spot, bacterial spot, damping rot, maize ear, black spot, downy mildew, powdery mildew

Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (KNS 20)

Zingiberaceae

Ginger (Eng); Gemere (S);

Whole plant is prepared as decoction (boiled) in 5-L water and sprayed on the crops

Aphids, root knot, cutworm, leaf miner, tree squirrel, rat, African striped skink

Black spot, root rot, bacterial spot