Table 2 Inventory of wild edible plants used by the Tujia ethnic group in Laifeng

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw

菜蕨

Athyriaceae

Sui jue

Herb

V

Tender leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–6

Wild

2.25

LFE40122

Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai

毛轴蕨

Dennstaedtiaceae

Tian jue

Herb

V, Fs

Tender leaf; stir-fried or boiled Rhizome; make flour

2–6

Wild

519.75

LFE40008

Sceptridium ternatum (Thunb.) Lyon

阴地蕨

Ophioglossaceae

Du jio ji

Herb

V

Whole plant; stew with meat

1–12

Medicine, tonic

Yes

Wild

37.8

LFE40156

Osmunda japonica Thunb

紫萁

Osmundaceae

Mao mao jue

Herb

V

Tender leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–4

Medicine

Wild

56.53

LFE40124

Taxus wallichiana var. mairei (Lemée and H.Lév.) L.K.Fu and Nan Li

南方红豆杉

Taxaceae

Hong fei

Tree

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

10–11

Ornamental, medicine, firewood

Wild, cultivated

157.95

LFE30067

Acorus gramineus Aiton

茴香菖蒲

Acoraceae

San nai

Herb

S

Leaf; spices

1–12

Wild, cultivated

17.28

LFE40167

Actinidia callosa var. henryi Maxim

京梨猕猴桃

Actinidiaceae

Ma nai nai

Liana

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

8–10

Wild

14.26

LFE30021

Actinidia chinensis Planch

中华猕猴桃

Actinidiaceae

Yang tao

Liana

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

8–10

Wild, cultivated

78.19

LFE40089

Achyranthes aspera L.

土牛膝

Amaranthaceae

Niu ke xi

Herb

V

Root; stew with meat

1–12

Roots and stems used as medicine to strengthen the muscles and bones

Yes

Wild

7.43

LFE40313

Achyranthes bidentata Blume

牛膝

Amaranthaceae

Niu ke xi

Herb

V

Root; stew with meat

1–12

Roots and stems used as medicine to strengthen the muscles and bones

Yes

Wild

12.38

LFE40159

Achyranthes longifolia Makino

柳叶牛膝

Amaranthaceae

Hong niu ke xi

Herb

V

Root; stew with meat

1–12

Roots and stems used as medicine to strengthen the muscles and bones

Yes

Wild, cultivated

16.5

LFE40359

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb

喜旱莲子草

Amaranthaceae

Kong tong cao

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–4

Fodder

Wild

0.48

LFE30102

Amaranthus retroflexus L.

反枝苋

Amaranthaceae

Tu han cai

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried

5–7

Fodder

Wild

24.42

LFE40330

Celosia argentea L.

青葙

Amaranthaceae

Ji gong han

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–5

Fodder

Wild

1.8

LFE30103

Chenopodium album L.

藜

Amaranthaceae

Hui hui cai

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

4–5

Fodder

Wild

0.22

LFE40041

Allium macrostemon Bunge

薤白

Amaryllidaceae

Ye cong

Herb

V, S

Whole plant; spicesor pickle

1–4,9–12

Medicine

Wild

6120

LFE30014

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt and A.W.Hill

南酸枣

Anacardiaceae

Suan zao

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw

8–10

Wild

2.44

LFE30028

Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk

鸭儿芹

Apiaceae

Ya jio ban

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–5

Fodder

Wild, cultivated

589.68

LFE30088

Oenanthe javanica DC

水芹

Apiaceae

Ye qin cai

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

3–4

Fodder

Wild, cultivated

308

LFE40032

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch

魔芋

Araceae

Mo yu

Herb

Fs

Tuber; make flour

10–11

Wild, cultivated

55.35

LFE30002

Aralia echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz

棘茎楤木

Araliaceae

Hong ci luo bu

Tree

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

3–4

Roots used as medicine for rheumatism and traumatic injury

Wild

115.05

LFE40042

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem

楤木

Araliaceae

Ci luo bu

Tree

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

3–4

Wild

111.38

LFE40212

Eleutherococcus nodiflorus (Dunn) S.Y.Hu

细柱五加

Araliaceae

Wu jia pi

Shrub

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or make soup

3–4

Root barks used as medicine for traumatic injury

Yes

Wild, cultivated

29.25

LFE40091

Heptapleurum delavayi Franch

穗序鹅掌柴

Araliaceae

Dou chi ye

Tree

S

Leaf; placed under the black bean sauce to enhance the fragrance

1–12

Wild

6.3

LFE30056

Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook

红马蹄草

Araliaceae

Yu dian cao

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried

3–5

Whole plants used as medicine to improve eyesight

Yes

Wild

1.76

LFE40076

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam

天胡荽

Araliaceae

Yu dian cao

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried

3–5

Whole plants used as medicine to improve eyesight

Yes

Wild

22.88

LFE40084

Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H.Wendl

棕榈

Arecaceae

Zong su

Tree

V

Flower; stir-fried or boiled

3–4

Barks and leaves used as rope

Wild

0.09

LFE30033

Diuranthera major Hemsl

鹭鸶草

Asparagaceae

Xu sen

Herb

V

Root; stew with meat

1–12

Ornamental, medicine

Yes

Wild, cultivated

19.5

LFE40017

Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl

麦冬

Asparagaceae

Luo zi zi

Herb

V

Root tuber; stew with meat

4–10

Root tubers used as medicine to moistening lung cough

Yes

Wild

2.97

LFE40013

Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté

黄精

Asparagaceae

Huang jing

Herb

V

Rhizome; grilled or soaking in wine or stew with meat

1–12

Medicine

Yes

Wild, cultivated

105.3

LFE30066

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.

萱草

Asphodelaceae

Ye huang hua cai

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf, flower; stir-fried

3–7

Ornamental

Wild

13.65

LFE40336

Artemisia lancea Vaniot

矮蒿

Asteraceae

Ku hao

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; mix with glutinous rice to steam

2–4

Stems and leaves used as medicine for knife wound

Wild

414.72

LFE40006

Artemisia indica Willd

五月艾

Asteraceae

Bai hao

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; pound and mix glutinous rice flour to make glutinous rice cakes

3–5

Hanging on the doors on the Dragon Boat Festival to ward off evil spirits

Wild

777.6

LFE30042

Aster indicus L.

马兰

Asteraceae

Ni qiu quan

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce or make soup

3–4

Whole plants used as medicine for cold and upset stomach

Wild

3.12

LFE30043

Chrysanthemum indicum L.

野菊

Asteraceae

Mao hao

Herb

Ts

Flower; soak in water

7–11

Ornamental, flowers used as medicine to improve eyesight

Wild

5.4

LFE40043

Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium Wimm. and Grab

刺儿菜

Asteraceae

Ci ga cai

Herb

V

Leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–5

Fodder

Wild

0.8

LFE30053

Cirsium japonicum DC

蓟

Asteraceae

Da ci ga cai

Herb

V

Leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–4

Medicine

Wild, cultivated

0.64

LFE40343

Crassocephalum crepidioides S.Moore

野茼蒿

Asteraceae

Liang gen cai

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or boiled

3–5

Fodder

Wild

2.4

LFE30012

Lactuca indica L.

翅果菊

Asteraceae

Tu er cao

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

3–4

Fodder

Wild

0.44

LFE40206

Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderb

鼠曲草

Asteraceae

Sui qu

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; pound and mix glutinous rice flour to make glutinous rice cakes

3–5

Fodder

Wild

928.8

LFE30013

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz

蒲公英

Asteraceae

Pu gong ying

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

2–4

Whole plants used as medicine for cold

Wild, cultivated

5.2

LFE40197

Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik

荠

Brassicaceae

Di mi cai

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or boiled

2–4

Whole plants used as medicine for cold and dyspepsia

Wild

169.92

LFE30041

Codonopsis javanica subsp. Japonica (Maxim. ex Makino) Lammers

小花金钱豹

Campanulaceae

Ye dang sen

Liana

V

Root; stew with meat

10–11

Whole plants used as medicine to strengthen the muscles and bones

Yes

Wild

39

LFE30044

Cyclocodon lancifolius (Roxb.) Kurz

轮钟草

Campanulaceae

Suan pan zi

Herb

F, V

Fruit; eaten raw

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

9–10

Roots used as medicine for gynecopathy

Wild

0.78

LFE40276

Lonicera japonica Thunb

忍冬

Caprifoliaceae

Jin yin hua

Liana

Ts

Flower; soak in water

4–7

Ornamental, whole plants used as medicine for cold and bronchitis

Wild, cultivated

34.43

LFE40140

Stellaria aquatica Scop

鹅肠菜

Caryophyllaceae

Da e e cang

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried

3–4

Fodder

Wild

0.77

LFE40009

Stellaria media (L.) Vill

繁缕

Caryophyllaceae

E e cang

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried

2–3

Fodder

Wild

2.31

LFE40021

Disporum longistylum (H. Lév. and Vaniot) H. Hara

长蕊万寿竹

Colchicaceae

Bai long xu

Herb

V

Rhizome; stew with meat

1–12

Roots used as medicine to strengthen the muscles and bones

Yes

Wild

20.48

LFE40001

Commelina communis L.

鸭跖草

Commelinaceae

Zu ya cai

Herb

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

4–6

Wild

1.65

LFE40379

Streptolirion volubile Edgew

竹叶子

Commelinaceae

Zu pi kong

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or boiled

4–6

Wild

0.39

LFE40284

Calystegia hederacea Wall

打碗花

Convolvulaceae

Po wan hua teng

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried

1–12

Fodder

Wild

2.48

LFE40337

Cornus capitata Wall

头状四照花

Cornaceae

Li ba zi

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw

9–10

Ornamental

Wild

4.68

LFE40253

Sedum emarginatum Migo

凹叶景天

Crassulaceae

Ma ci han

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

3–10

Wild

1.04

LFE30049

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge

垂盆草

Crassulaceae

Gou ya ban

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

3–10

Whole plants used as medicine for dog bite and traumatic injury

Wild

33.6

LFE40231

Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch

荸荠

Cyperaceae

Ci gu zi

Herb

V

Corm; eaten raw

12,1–2

Wild, cultivated

0.11

LFE40262

Dioscorea alata L.

参薯

Dioscoreaceae

Jio ban sao

Liana

Fs

Tuber; steamed or grilled

10–12

Wild, cultivated

0.59

LFE40289

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

黄独

Dioscoreaceae

Mao quan tou

Liana

Fs

Tuber; steamed or grilled

8–10

Medicine

Wild

1.54

LFE40412

Dioscorea polystachya Turcz

薯蓣

Dioscoreaceae

Ye san yo

Liana

Fs

Tuber; steamed or grilled

10–11

Wild

0.17

LFE30022

Diospyros kaki L.f

柿

Ebenaceae

Yao dai si

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw

10–12

Firewood

Wild, cultivated

2.93

LFE40409

Diospyros kaki var. silvestris Makino

野柿

Ebenaceae

You si

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw

10–12

Firewood

Wild

7.17

LFE30024

Elaeagnus henryi Warb. ex Diels

宜昌胡颓子

Elaeagnaceae

Yang nai nai

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

3–4

Wild, cultivated

7.17

LFE30020

Elaeagnus lanceolata Warb

披针叶胡颓子

Elaeagnaceae

Niu nai nai

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

4–5

Ornamental

Wild

2.03

LFE40387

Elaeagnus magna (Servett.) Rehder

银果牛奶子

Elaeagnaceae

Ban cuan zi

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

6–7

Wild

2.14

LFE40395

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb

胡颓子

Elaeagnaceae

Niu nai nai

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

3–4

Ornamental

Wild, cultivated

9.96

LFE30019

Rhododendron simsii Planch

杜鹃

Ericaceae

Yan san hong

Shrub

V

Flower; eaten raw

3–4

Ornamental

Wild, cultivated

1.07

LFE40303

Astragalus sinicus L.

紫云英

Fabaceae

Yang que hua

Herb

V

Flower, tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

3–4

Fodder

Wild

0.26

LFE40179

Callerya dielsiana (Harms ex Diels) L.K.Phan ex Z.Wei and Pedley

香花鸡血藤

Fabaceae

Ai ba dou

Shrub

V

Seed; grilled or boiled

6–10

Ornamental, used as medicine for traumatic injury

Wild

5.45

LFE40324

Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehder

锦鸡儿

Fabaceae

Yang que hua

Herb

V

Flower; stir-fried or make soup

3–4

Ornamental, medicine

Wild, cultivated

16.14

LFE40160

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen and S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa and Predeep

葛

Fabaceae

Guo ma teng

Liana

Fs

Root; make flour

11–12,1–2

Roots and stems used as medicine for cold

Wild, cultivated

6.14

LFE40260

Pueraria montana var. thomsonii (Benth.) Wiersema ex D.B.Ward

粉葛

Fabaceae

Nan guo

Liana

Fs

Root; make flour

11–12,1–2

Wild

3.71

LFE40036

Robinia pseudoacacia L.

刺槐

Fabaceae

Ci huai hua

Tree

V

Flower; make soup

4–5

Ornamental

Wild, cultivated

0.15

LFE30027

Castanea henryi Rehder and E.H.Wilson

锥栗

Fagaceae

Jian li

Tree

N

Seed; eaten raw or boiled

9–11

Firewood

Wild

49.28

LFE30047

Castanea mollissima Blume

栗

Fagaceae

Ban li

Tree

N

Seed; eaten raw or boiled

8–10

Firewood

Wild, cultivated

131.36

LFE30100

Castanopsis eyrei Tutch

甜槠

Fagaceae

Si li

Tree

N

Seed; eaten raw or boiled

9–11

Firewood

Wild, cultivated

115.29

LFE30025

Castanopsis tibetana Hance

钩锥

Fagaceae

Hou li

Tree

N

Seed; eaten raw or boiled

9–11

Firewood

Wild

30.11

LFE30052

Corallodiscus cordatulus (Craib) B.L.Burtt

珊瑚苣苔

Gesneriaceae

Fu xin cao

Herb

V

Whole plant; stew with meat

1–12

Whole plants used as medicine for headache and traumatic injury

Yes

Wild

31.5

LFE40155

Iris japonica Thunb

蝴蝶花

Iridaceae

Dou jiang cao

Herb

C

Leaf; make tofu

4–10

Ornamental

Wild

2.34

LFE40031

Juglans regia L.

胡桃

Juglandaceae

Huo tao

Tree

N

Seed; eaten raw

9–10

Firewood

Wild, cultivated

0.25

LFE30058

Agastache rugosa Kuntze

藿香

Lamiaceae

Huo xiang cao

Herb

S

Leaf; spices

4–10

Wild, cultivated

1.8

LFE40366

Clerodendrum bungei Steud

臭牡丹

Lamiaceae

Cou mu dan

Shrub

V

Root; stew with meat

1–12

Ornamental, medicine

Yes

Wild, cultivated

4.68

LFE40079

Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth

地笋

Lamiaceae

San luo si

Herb

V

Rhizome; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

11–12

Medicine

Wild, cultivated

3.04

LFE40012

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton

紫苏

Lamiaceae

Zi su

Herb

S

Leaf; spices

3–10

Wild, cultivated

32.4

LFE40350

Perilla frutescens var. crispa (Thunb.) H.Deane

茴茴苏

Lamiaceae

Zi su

Herb

S

Leaf; spices

3–10

Cultivated

12.96

LFE40312

Premna microphylla Turcz

豆腐柴

Lamiaceae

Ban ji pao

Shrub

C

Leaf; make tofu

5–10

Whole plants used as medicine for traumatic injury and hemostasis

Wild

18.9

LFE40376

Prunella vulgaris L.

夏枯草

Lamiaceae

Feng kuo cao

Herb

Ts

Aboveground; soak in water

4–6

Roots used as medicine for rheumatism and cold

Wild

3.12

LFE40109

Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz

三叶木通

Lardizabalaceae

Ba yue gua

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–9

Fruits used as medicine to promote diuresis

Wild

16.71

LFE40394

Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis (Diels) T.Shimizu

白木通

Lardizabalaceae

San ye lan

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

6–9

Fruits used as medicine to promote diuresis

Wild, cultivated

6.24

LFE40393

Holboellia angustifolia Wall

五月瓜藤

Lardizabalaceae

Qi ye lan

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–9

Wild

5.23

LFE40383

Stauntonia chinensis DC

野木瓜

Lardizabalaceae

Huang na gua

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

9–10

Wild

2.36

LFE40420

Cinnamomum tazia (Buch -Ham ) Kosterm ex M Gangop

少花桂

Lauraceae

Xiang gui zi

Tree

S

Bark; spices

9–10

Wild, cultivated

6.48

LFE30038

Litsea mollis (Blume) Boerl

毛叶木姜子

Lauraceae

Mu jiang zi

Tree

S

Fruit; spices or cold and dressed with sauce

5–7

Wild, cultivated

556.5

LFE40020

Clintonia udensis Trautv. and C.A.Mey

七筋姑

Liliaceae

Jian dao cao

Herb

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–8

Wild

0.05

LFE40057

Lilium brownii F.E.Br. ex Miellez

野百合

Liliaceae

Ye be huo

Herb

Fs

Bulb; grilled or steamed

6–7

Wild

13.46

LFE40431

Taxillus sutchuenensis Danser

川桑寄生

Loranthaceae

Ji sen ca

Shrub

Ts

Whole plant; soak in water

1–12

Roots used as medicine for rheumatism

Wild

2.6

LFE30064

Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M.Roem

香椿

Meliaceae

Cun dian

Tree

V

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

3–5

Firewood

Wild

183.75

LFE40170

Ficus tikoua Bureau

地果

Moraceae

Di pi pa

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–9

Whole plants used as medicine for cold and upset stomach

Wild

18.9

LFE40038

Morus alba L.

桑

Moraceae

Sang pao

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

4–5

Firewood

Wild, cultivated

1.8

LFE40098

Musa basjoo Siebold and Zucc. ex Iinuma

芭蕉

Musaceae

Ba jiao

Herb

V

Flower; stew with meat

Tender stem and leaf; boiled

3–7

Ornamental, fodder, packaging

Wild, cultivated

4.76

LFE30104

Morella rubra Lour

杨梅

Myricaceae

Yang mei

Tree

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

6–7

Ornamental

Wild, cultivated

154.91

LFE40252

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb

商陆

Phytolaccaceae

Liu luo bo

Herb

V

Root; stew with meat

8–10

Medicine

Yes

Wild

23.4

LFE40207

Plantago asiatica L.

车前

Plantaginaceae

Ke ma cao

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or boiled

3–8

Whole plants used as medicine for cold and cough

Wild

31.2

LFE40107

Bambusa emeiensis L.C.Chia and H.L.Fung

慈竹

Poaceae

Peng zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled

6–9

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

13.52

LFE40399

Chimonobambusa purpurea Hsueh f. & T.P.Yi

刺黑竹

Poaceae

Ci zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled

9–10

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild

1.65

LFE30035

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch

白茅

Poaceae

Mao qian

Herb

V

Tender stem; eaten raw

3–4

Roots used as medicine for cold and hemostasis

Wild

1.82

LFE30074

Indocalamus tessellatus (Munro) Keng f

箬竹

Poaceae

Zong ba ye

Bamboo

Ws

Leaf; soaking in wine

5–8

Packaging

Wild, cultivated

20.28

LFE30040

Phyllostachys nidularia Munro

篌竹

Poaceae

Be zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled or pickle

4–5

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

59.4

LFE30034

Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J.Houz

毛竹

Poaceae

Lan zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled or pickle

2–4

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

133.92

LFE30029

Phyllostachys heteroclada Oliv

水竹

Poaceae

Sui zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled or pickle

4–5

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

126

LFE30031

Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis (Mitford) Rendle

毛金竹

Poaceae

Jin zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled

4–5

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

34.2

LFE40097

Phyllostachys reticulata (Rupr.) K.Koch

桂竹

Poaceae

Ban zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled

5–6

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

7.65

LFE40400

Pleioblastus maculatus (McClure) C.D.Chu and C.S.Chao

斑苦竹

Poaceae

Ku zu

Bamboo

V

Tender stem; stir-fried or boiled

5–6

Firewood, material for weaving tools

Wild, cultivated

11.63

LFE40391

Pleuropterus multiflorus Turcz. ex Nakai

何首乌

Polygonaceae

Ye jiao teng

Herb

V

Root tuber; stew with meat

10–12

Roots used as medicine for nephropathy and stabilizing nerves

Wild

1.56

LFE40177

Reynoutria japonica Houtt

虎杖

Polygonaceae

Suan tan gan

Herb

V

Stem; eaten raw or cold and dressed with sauce

3–4

Rhizomes used as medicine for jaundice hepatitis

Yes

Wild, cultivated

3.25

LFE40184

Lysimachia paridiformis Franch

落地梅

Primulaceae

Si kuai wa

Herb

V

Whole plant; stew with meat

1–12

Whole plants used as medicine for children who are frightened

Yes

Wild

8.8

LFE40158

Berchemia sinica C.K.Schneid

勾儿茶

Rhamnaceae

Long gu zan

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

9–10

Wild

0.29

LFE30095

Hovenia acerba Lindl

枳椇

Rhamnaceae

Ji zao

Tree

F, Ws

Fruit stalk; eaten raw or soaking in wine

9–11

Fruit stalks used as medicine for cold and leg cramp

Wild, cultivated

1652.4

LFE40034

Chaenomeles cathayensis (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid

木瓜海棠

Rosaceae

Mu gua

Shrub

Ws

Fruit; soaking in wine

9–10

Roots and fruits used as medicine for rheumatism

Wild, cultivated

15.80

LFE40065

Crataegus cuneata Siebold and Zucc

野山楂

Rosaceae

San za

Shrub

F, Ts

Fruit; eaten raw

Tender leaf; soak in water

3–4,9–10

Wild

0.20

LFE30055

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl

枇杷

Rosaceae

Pi pa

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw

5–6

Ornamental, leaves and flowers used as medicine for cold

Wild, cultivated

99.36

LFE40249

Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl. ex J.Gay

黄毛草莓

Rosaceae

Ye cao mei

Herb

F

Fruit; eaten raw

6–8

Wild

0.68

LFE40025

Prunus conradinae Koehne

华中樱桃

Rosaceae

Ye en tao

Tree

F

Fruit; eaten raw

4–5

Ornamental

Wild

13.36

LFE40068

Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H.L.Li

火棘

Rosaceae

Jiu bei liang

Shrub

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

8–11

Ornamental, fruits and leaves used as medicine for gynecopathy and blister ulcer

Wild

33.78

LFE30009

Pyracantha loureiroi (Kostel.) Merr

全缘火棘

Rosaceae

Jiu bei liang

Shrub

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

9–11

Ornamental, fruits and leaves used as medicine for gynecopathy and blister ulcer

Wild

6.58

LFE40307

Rosa laevigata Michx

金樱子

Rosaceae

Tang guan guan

Shrub

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

7–11

Ornamental

Wild

684.65

LFE40165

Rosa multiflora var. cathayensis Rehder and E.H.Wilson

粉团蔷薇

Rosaceae

Be ci tai

Shrub

V

Tender stem; eaten raw

3–4

Ornamental

Wild

3.98

LFE40191

Rosa roxburghii f. normalis Rehder and E.H.Wilson

单瓣缫丝花

Rosaceae

Ci guo guo

Shrub

F, Ws

Fruit; eaten raw or soaking in wine

8–10

Fruits used as medicine for gynecopathy

Wild

654.89

LFE40347

Rosa rubus H.Lév. and Vaniot

悬钩子蔷薇

Rosaceae

Hong ci tai

Shrub

V

Tender stem; eaten raw

3–4

Ornamental

Wild

7.71

LFE40023

Rubus amphidasys Focke

周毛悬钩子

Rosaceae

Lao fu pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–8

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for gynecopathy and diarrhea

Wild

4.95

LFE40067

Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm

粉枝莓

Rosaceae

Huang long pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

5–7

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

0.20

LFE40069

Rubus chroosepalus Focke

毛萼莓

Rosaceae

Gai wan pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–8

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

1.07

LFE40355

Rubus corchorifolius L.f

山莓

Rosaceae

San yue pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

4–5

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

260.4

LFE40058

Rubus coreanus Miq

插田藨

Rosaceae

Be ci pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

6–7

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

62.1

LFE40425

Rubus innominatus S.Moore

白叶莓

Rosaceae

Da gu pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–8

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

43.2

LFE40326

Rubus lambertianus Ser

高粱藨

Rosaceae

Suan pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

9–11

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

37.8

LFE30048

Rubus parkeri Hance

乌藨子

Rosaceae

Wu pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–8

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

1.46

LFE30005

Rubus parvifolius L.

茅莓

Rosaceae

Hao yang pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

6–7

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

45.73

LFE40356

Rubus rosifolius Sm

空心藨

Rosaceae

Kong tong pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

4–5

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild

130.2

LFE30018

Rubus setchuenensis Bureau and Franch

川莓

Rosaceae

Wu pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

10–12

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for knife wound, dye the fabric black

Wild

89.64

LFE30006

Rubus wallichianus Wight and Arn

红毛悬钩子

Rosaceae

Hou zi pao

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

5–6

Tender stems and leaves used as medicine for diarrhea

Wild, cultivated

4.36

LFE40392

Zanthoxylum armatum DC

竹叶花椒

Rutaceae

Ye hua jiao

Shrub

S

Fruit; spices

9–12

Wild, cultivated

175.5

LFE40427

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim

花椒

Rutaceae

Hua jiao

Tree

S

Fruit; spices

Tender leaf; stir-fried or boiled

6–9

Wild, cultivated

623.7

LFE40428

Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum Hemsl

异叶花椒

Rutaceae

Hu jiao ci

Shrub

S

Fruit; spices

9–11

Wild

1.13

LFE30004

Houttuynia cordata Thunb

蕺菜

Saururaceae

Ze er gen

Herb

V

Rhizome; cold and dressed with sauce

2–4

Whole plants used as medicine for cold

Yes

Wild, cultivated

4612.5

LFE40039

Illicium henryi Diels

红茴香

Schisandraceae

Ba guo xiang

Shrub

S

Fruit; spices

8–10

Wild, cultivated

11.14

LFE40095

Kadsura longipedunculata Finet and Gagnep

南五味子

Schisandraceae

Fan tuo zi

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

9–12

Wild

0.45

LFE40389

Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke

翼梗五味子

Schisandraceae

Cen tuo

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–9

Whole plants used as medicine for rheumatism and gastrosia

Wild

14.85

LFE40369

Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder and E.H.Wilson

华中五味子

Schisandraceae

Xue cen tuo

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–9

Whole plants used as medicine for rheumatism and gastrosia

Wild

7.61

LFE40373

Smilax china L.

菝葜

Smilacaceae

Jin gang teng

Shrub

F, V

Fruit; eaten raw

Tender stem and leaf; stir-fried

3–5,9–11

Roots used as medicine for traumatic injury

Wild

23.82

LFE40224

Smilax glabra Roxb

土茯苓

Smilacaceae

Jin gang teng

Shrub

Fs

Rhizome; make flour or stew with meat or soaking in wine

8–12

Roots used as medicine for gastrosia

Yes

Wild

4.39

LFE40419

Lycium chinense Mill

枸杞

Solanaceae

Gou ji

Shrub

Ws

Fruit; soaking in wine

8–11

Ornamental

Wild, cultivated

4.68

LFE40348

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn

土人参

Talinaceae

Yang sen

Herb

V

Root; stew with meat

Leaf; stir-fried or boiled

1–12

Ornamental, medicine

Yes

Wild, cultivated

7.02

LFE40403

Camellia oleifera C.Abel

油茶

Theaceae

You ca

Shrub

O, F

Seed; press into oil

Gall; eaten raw

3–4,9–10

Ornamental, Stem barks used as medicine for knife wound, firewood

Wild, cultivated

124.88

LFE40110

Debregeasia orientalis C.J.Chen

水麻

Urticaceae

Sui ma

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

5–7

Leaves used as medicine for burns and scalds

Wild

13.86

LFE30045

Laportea bulbifera (Siebold and Zucc.) Wedd

珠芽艾麻

Urticaceae

Hong huo ma

Herb

V

Tender leaf; boiled or stew with meat

6–7

Roots used as medicine for rheumatism, traumatic injury and blister ulcer

Yes

Wild, cultivated

7.8

LFE40406

Urtica fissa E.Pritz

荨麻

Urticaceae

Be huo ma

Herb

V

Tender leaf; boiled or stew with meat

6–7

Roots used as medicine for rheumatism, traumatic injury and blister ulcer

Yes

Wild, cultivated

18.2

LFE30046

Viburnum sp.

荚蒾属

Viburnaceae

Ruan huan zi

Shrub

F

Fruit; eaten raw

8–9

Ornamental

Wild

0.98

LFE40210

Viola philippica Cav

紫花地丁

Violaceae

Hua kou jian

Herb

V

Aboveground; stir-fried or boiled

3–5

Whole plants used as medicine for knife wound

Wild

3.12

LFE40132

Nekemias grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) J.Wen and Z.L.Nie

大齿牛果藤

Vitaceae

Teng ca

Liana

Ts

Tender stem and leaf; soak in water

3–6

Wild, cultivated

324

LFE40047

Vitis davidii (Rom. Caill.) Foëx

刺葡萄

Vitaceae

Ye pu tao

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–10

Wild

1.69

LFE40378

Vitis flexuosa Thunb

葛藟葡萄

Vitaceae

Sui pu tao

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–11

Wild

6.33

LFE40423

Vitis heyneana Schult

毛葡萄

Vitaceae

Ye pu tao

Liana

F

Fruit; eaten raw

7–10

Wild

3.6

LFE40396

Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig

姜花

Zingiberaceae

Cao guo

Herb

S

Fruit; spices

Flower; make soup

Rhizome; stir-fried

4–12

Ornamental, roots used as medicine for headache

Yes

Wild, cultivated

38.27

LFE40285

Zingiber striolatum Diels

阳荷

Zingiberaceae

Yang huo

Herb

V

Flower; stir-fried or cold and dressed with sauce

7–9

Ornamental, medicine

Wild, cultivated

30.98

LFE30023