Consumption of wild edible plants in the Kofale and Heban-Arsi districts, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Nuro, Geritu; Tolossa, Ketema; Giday, Mirutse

doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00744-2

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 3 List of WEPs including their local names, families, growth habits, edible parts, modes of consumption, additional uses and habitats

From: Consumption of wild edible plants in the Kofale and Heban-Arsi districts, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Scientific name	Local name	Family	Gf	Ha	Ep	Moc	Collection month	Other use	Use value	Collection number	Citations in Ethiopia
Achyranthes aspera L	Dargu	Amaranthaceae	H	Gl	Leaf/seed	Young leaf boiled and consumed, Grounded seeds are eaten after baking	Ju, Aug	Medicinal, fodder	0.18	GN-61	[34]
Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Schweinf	Qararu	Apocynaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed after peeling off the outer part	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal, fodder, construction, firewood	0.14	GN-21	[20, 21, 35]
Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk	Hirqamu	Sapindaceae	T	Gl	Fruit	fresh fruit consumed	Ap, Ma	Medicinal, firewood	0.3	GN-119	[20, 36]
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell	Raafu	Amaranthaceae	H	Gl	Leaves	Leaves chopped, boiled and eaten after decanting liquid and adding salt,	Ju, Jul, Aug	Medicinal, fodder	0/13	GN-105	[37,38,39]
Anethum graveolens L	Harbu	Apiaceae	H	Fl	Leaves	Leaves with young shoot boiled and eaten	Dec, Ja	Medicinal, fodder	o.oo3	GN-173	[40]
Asparagus africanus Lam	Sariit	Asparagaceae	H	Rb	Fruit	Fresh orange fruit consumed	Sep, Nov	Medicinal	0.4	GN-2	[21, 35, 39]
Mutarda nigra (L.) Bernh	Goman	Brassicaceae		Gl	Arial part	Leaves and stems boiled and eaten after adding salt	Jun,,Jul, Aug	Medicine/fodder		GN-132	[39]
Vachellia etbaica (Schweinf.) Kyal. & Boatwr	Dodota	Fabaceae	T	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit eaten with or without the outer part	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medical charcoal, firewood	0.09	GN-119	[23, 24]
Vachellia seyal (Delile) P.J.H.Hurter	Wacu	Fabaceae	Sh	Gl	Gum	Gum chewed and juice swallowed	Dec, Jan	Firewood, fodder	0.74	GN-105	[35, 41]
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi	Dhadacha	Fabaceae	Sh	Gl	Gum	Gum chewed and juice swallowed	Dec, Jan	Firewood, fodder	0.05	GN-178	[28, 35, 38]
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile	Bedeno	Balanitaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit/Shoot	Fresh fruit eaten with its outer part /young shoot boiled and eaten during drought	Oct., Nov	Medicinal, fodder, firewood	0.10	GN-23	[35, 42, 43]
Carissa spinarum L	Agamsa	Apocynaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	fresh fruit consumed	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal, fodder, firewood	0.8	GN-102	[44, 45]
Capparis tomentosa Lam	Hunxuxii	Capparidaceae	Cl	Gl	Fruit	Fresh red fruit consumed	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal	0.04	GN-102	[20, 46]
Cordia africana Lam	Wodessa	Boraginaceae	T	Wl	Fruit	Ripen fruit eaten	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal, furniture	0.9	GN-63	[44, 46, 47]
Cordia monoica Roxb	Mandhera	Boraginaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit chewed and swallowed without the seed	Mar, Apr, Ma	Medicinal, firewood	0.007	GN-115	[28, 48]
Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmal.) Bamps	Daanisa	Malvaceae	T	Gl	Fruit	Fruits boiled and eaten	Mar, Apr, Ma	Medicinal, fodder	0.02	GN-164	[20, 49]
Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb	Koshim	Flacourtiaceae	Sh	Rs	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed	Mar, Apr, Ma	Shade	0.093	GN-160	[20, 49]
Embelia schimperi Vatke	Qanqu	Primulaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit crushed mixed with water and drunk	Mar, Apr, Ma	Medicinal, fodder	0.015	GN-173	[24, 44, 48]
Euclea racemosa subsp. schimperi (A.DC.) F.White	Miesa	Ebenaceae	T	F	Fruit/leaf	Fresh fruit eaten/Leaves boiled and eaten after adding salt	Oct, Nov	Medicinal, refreshment	0.6	GN-91	[13]
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman	Enset	Musaceae	Sh	Fm	Stem	Stem chopped, peeling off the outer part, deep-fried the inside part and eaten	Feb, Ma	Medicinal, fodder	0.015	GN-101	[10]
Erucastrum sp.	Sharale	Brassicaceae	H	Gl	Arial part	Fresh leaves and stem boiled and eaten	Jun, Jul, Aug	Medicinal, fodder	0/03	GN-66	[39, 50]
Echinops sp.	Sokoru	Asteraceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed	Sep, Oct, Nov	Medicinal	0.007	GN-39	[51]
Ficus sycomorus L	Odda	Moraceae	T	F	Fruit	Fresh yellow fruit consumed	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal, firewood	0.18	GN-184	[52]
Ficus ruspolii Warb	Mukadadhi	Moraceae	T	F	Fruit	Fruit eaten after peeling off the skin	Ap, Ma	Medicinal, fodder	0.094	GN- 104	NR as WEP
Ficus vasta Forssk	Qilxu	Moraceae	T	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed	Mar, Ma	Firewood, medicinal	0.013	GN-104	[44]
Galium sp.	Maxannee	Rubiaceae	H	Fl	Leaves	Leaves chopped, boiled and eaten	Jun, Jul, Ag	Fodder, medicinal	0/012	GN-98	[51]
Galiniera saxifraga Hochst.Bridson	Korala	Rubiaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed after removing the seed	Mar, Ma	Firewood	0.17	GN-15	NR
Grewia villosa Willd	Ogobdi	Malvaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fruit chewed after removing the outer part and juice swallowed	Sep, No	Medicinal	0.095	GN-154	[35, 48]
Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A. Rich	Dhoqona	Malvaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit eaten after removing the seed	Sep, Oct,	Medicinal, firewood	0.064	GN-133	[24, 46]
Grewia bicolor Juss	Harooresa	Malvaceae	Sh	Wl	Fruit	Fresh fruit chewed and juice swallowed	Feb, Mar	Fence, fire wood	0.097	GN-117	[41, 47]
Lantana camara L	Qorso jart	Verbenaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed	Feb	-	0.056	GN-82	[39, 47]
Lagenaria sp.	Basqula	Cucurbitaceae	Li	Fl	fruit	Fruit Chopped boiled and consumed	Jun Jul, Aug	Fodder, medicinal	0.066	GN-131	[53, 54]
Maesa lanceolata Forssk	Abayi	Myrsinaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed and swallowed after spitting seeds	Ap, Ma	Firewood	0.o7	GN-142	[21]
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock	Wanta fulasa	Celastraceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed and swallowed after spitting seeds	Mar, Ma	Medicinal, firewood	0.062	GN-46	[28]
Mimusops kummel Bruce ex A.DC	Olati	Sapotaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fruit eaten after peeling off the skin	Mar Ma	Medicinal Fodder	0.08	GN-149	[55]
Myrica salcifolia Hochst. ex A.Rich	Qamo	Myricaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed and swallowed after spitting seeds	Sep, Nov	Medicinal, fodder	o.091	GN-149	[41, 45]
Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod	Moringa	Moringaceae	Sh	Rs	Leaves	Leaves dried, boiled and drunk	Nov	Medicinal	0.071	GN-126	[21]
Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) R.Br. ex Sweet	Tuula	Myrsinaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed after peeling off skin and juice swallowed without seeds	Sep, Oct	Firewood	0.085	GN-41	NR
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif	Ejersa	Oleaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed and seed spit	Feb, Mar	Medicinal, constriction	0.092	GN-148	[46, 47]
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill	Adami	Cactaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fruit eaten without seed	Feb	Fence	0.006	GN-180	[13, 37]
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth	Chabicha	Lamiaceae	H	Fl	Leaves	leaves used as condiments & spice	Mar, Ap, Ma	Fodder, medicinal	0.008	GN-80	[39]
Physalis peruviana L	Mujula	Solanaceae	H	Fm	Leaves	Leaves boiled and eaten after adding salt	Jun, Aug	Medicinal, fodder	0.009	GN-171	[24, 45]
Psychotria orophila E.M.A.Petit	Burii	Rubiaceae	Sh	Fl	Fruit	Fruit chewed, juice swallowed and seeds spit	Mar, Ma	Medicinal	0.001	GN-20	[56]
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman	Suke	Rosaceae	T	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed, juice swallowed and seeds spit	Mar, Ap, Ma	Firewood, medicinal	0.16	GN-27	[20]
Piliostigma thonningii (Schummach.) Milne-Redh	Gaalo	Fabaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed and seeds spit	Mar, Ap,, Ma	Fodder, medicinal	0.12	GN-43	[39]
Phoenix reclinata Jacq	Meexi	Arecaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit eaten without seed	Jan, Feb	Medicinal	0.003	GN-88	[42]
Rubus apetalus Poir	Gora	Rosaceae	Cl	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed after removing the seed and juice swallowed	Ap, Sep	Medicinal	0.07	GN-40	[46]
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq	Shisha	Polygonaceae	H	Fl	Yong shoot	Young shoot chewed and swallowed	Sep, Oct	Fodder	0.13	GN-34	[37, 38, 56]
Rumex nervosus Vahl	Dhangag	Polygonaceae	Sh	Gl	Fruit	Fruit eaten without seed	Oct, Nov	Medicinal, fodder	0.081	GN-113	[39, 44]
Searsia natalensis (Bernh. ex C.Krauss) F.A.Barkley	Xaxessa	Anacardiaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit eaten without seed	Mar, Ap, Ma	Firewood	0.004	GN-62	[13, 45, 56]
Salvia rosmarinus Spenn	Wodifon	Lamiaceae	Sh	Fl	Leaves	Leaves added to meat. boiled together and eaten	Ap	Medicinal	0.12	GN-147	[56]
Rhamnus prinoids L’Her	Gesho	Rhamnaceae	H	Fl	Leaf/Stem	Leaves chopped, mixed with water, make fermented to make traditional alcoholic drinks	Aug	Fodder	0.006	GN-170	[27, 42]
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk	Sunfa	Ranunculaceae	H	Gl	Leaves	Fresh leaves boiled and drunk	Jun, Jul,, Aug	Medicinal	0.003	GN-51	NR as wild food
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC	Badesa	Myrtaceae	T	Rb	Fruit	Fruit chewed, juice swallowed and seeds spit	Ma, Jun, Jul	Medicinal, firewood	0.8	GN-124	[24, 57]
Teclea simplicifolia (Engl.) I.Verd	Hadhesa	Rutaceae	Sh	F	Fruit	Fruit chewed, juice swallowed and seeds spit	Ap, Mar, Ma	Medicinal	0.11	GN-30	[45, 47]
Thymus serrulatus Hochst. ex Benth	Toshine	Lamiaceae	H	Gl	Leaves	Leaves dried and boiled as tea and drunk	Sep, Oct	Fodder, medicinal	0.15	GN-65	[58]
Zanthoxylum asiatica (L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen	Gawo	Rubiaceae	Li	Rs	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal	0.008	GN-28	[39, 50]
Urtica simensis Hochst. ex A.Eich	Doobi badaa	Urticaceae	H	Fl	Leaves	The leaves and young shoots boiled and eaten	Jun, Jul, Aug	medicinal	0.12	GN-95	[44, 59]
Vachellia abyssinica (Hochst. ex Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr	Laafto	Fabaceae	Sh	Gl	Gum	The gum nectar sucked	Dec, Jan	Medicinal, firewood		GN-125	[11, 44]
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip	Ebicha	Asteraceae	Sh	Fl	Leaves	Leaves crushed & boiled	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal, firewood	0.16	GN-12	[31, 44]
Vangueria apiculata K.Schum	Buri	Rubiaceae	Sh	F	Leaves	Leaves boiled, salt added and eaten	Ma	Medicinal, fodder	0.004	GN-68	[40]
Ximenia americana L	Hudha	Olacaceae	T	Fl	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed and seed spit	Mar, Apr, Ma	Medicinal, fire wood,	0.18	GN-99	[21, 22, 42]
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf	Qurqura	Rhamnaceae	T	Gl	Fruit	Fresh fruit consumed	Mar, Ap, Ma	Medicinal, fodder, fence, fire wood	0.18	GN-111	[23, 58]

Gf, Growth forms; Ha, Habitat; Ep, Edible part; Moc, Mode of consumption; T, Tree; Sh, Shrub; H, Herb; Li, Liana; Cl, Climbers; Gl, Grazing land; Rs, Road side; F., Forest; Fl, Farm land; Rb., River bank; Fm, Farm margin; Wl., Wood land; Ja, January; Feb, February; Mar, March; Ap, April; Ma, May; Ju, June; Jul, July; Sep, September; Oct, October; Nov, November; Dec, December

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