A comprehensive review on animals and their products used in traditional folk medicine in Ethiopia

Assefa, Alembrhan; Mesfin, Kalayu; Girmay, Teklay

doi:10.1186/s13002-025-00767-3

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 1 List of medicinal animals, animal group, sources, body parts or products used, diseases treated, ways of medicinal use of animals used in Ethiopia

From: A comprehensive review on animals and their products used in traditional folk medicine in Ethiopia

Animal group	Common name	Local name (Amharic)	Species name	Source	Parts/products used	Diseases treated	Ways of medicinal use	References
Mammal	Cat	Dimet	Felis domesticus Erxleben	Domestic	Urine	Goiter	Drinking	[19]
					Excrement	Relapsing fever	Wearing head	[15]
					Skin	Spiritual problem	Tying	[18, 25, 26]
					Teeth	Swelling	Tying	[13]
					Fur	Evil sprit	Fumigating	[13]
					Bile (black cat)	Visual defect	Anointing	[25]
	Camel	Gimel	Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus	Domestic	Whole animal	Migraine, headache	Eating	[19]
					Milk	Stanbic pain	Drinking	[19]
					Milk	Migraine	Drinking	[25]
					Milk	Headache, rheumatism, malaria, diarrhea	Drinking	[13, 23]
					Milk and Meat	Diabetes, stomach ache, liver infection	Drinking and Eating	[20]
					Milk	Malaria	Drinking
					Urine	Common cold, Coughing	Drinking
	Goat	Fiyel	Capra aegagrus hircus Linnaeus	Domestic	Fecal matter	Dandruff	Smearing	[19, 26]
					Meat	Fever, coughing	Eating	[15]
					Milk	Muscular pain	Massaging
					Butter	Headache	Nasal dropping
					Horn, hoof & liver	Irregular menstrual cycle	Powdering
					Milk	Coughing	Drinking	[23]
					Meat and blood	Malaria	Eating and Drinking	[24]
					Milk and blood	Malaria	Drinking	[21]
					Milk	Eye disease, gastritis, wound, headache, measles, TB, vomiting, snake poison, rheumatism	Drinking	[18, 26]
					Fat	Wound, Toothache	Banding
					Liver	Trachoma	Massaging
					Butter	Headache, ear infection	Massaging
					Tongue	Anxiety	Eating	[22]
					Bile	Febrile illness	Drinking
					Stomach	Scabies	Anointing
					Blood	Anemia	Drinking	[13, 22]
					Oviduct	Eye problem	Anointing	[26]
	Donkey	Ahiya	Equus asinus Linnaeus	Domestic	Milk	Common cold	Drinking	[19]
					Milk	Asthma, pleurisy, pneumonia	Drinking	[13]
					Nail	Typhoid		[17]
					Urine	Thorn expellant	Drinking	[15]
					Milk	Lung TB	Nasal drops
					Hoof	Epidemic	Fumigating
					Milk	Asthma	Drinking	[24]
					Milk	Chancroid	Drinking	[21]
					Excrement	Mad dog disease	Drinking	[21]
					Milk	Ring worm, measles	Drinking	[22]
					Excrement	Cold in chicken, Sinusitis, bronchitis	Drinking and smeeling	[13]
			Equus africanus von Heuglin & Fitzinger	Domestic	Milk	Measles, cough, trachoma, rabies, internal problem	Drinking	[18]
	Sheep	Beg	Ovis aries Linnaeus	Domestic	Pancreas	Night blindness	Eating	[19]
					Haney	Heart failure	Eating	[19]
					Milk	Coughing	Drinking	[13, 21]
					Milk	Malaria	Drinking	[18, 26]
					Bile fluid	Scabies	Bathing	[23]
					Bile	Social phobia	Drinking	[22]
					Bile	Malaria	Drinking	[26]
					Blood	Anemia	Drinking	[13, 22, 26]
	Cow	Lam	Bos taurus Linnaeus	Domestic	Urine	Malaria	Drinking	[19]
					Feces	Snake poisoning	Drinking	[17]
					Meat	Anemia/weakness	Eating	[15]
					Liver	Anemia	Eating	[22, 26]
					Liver	Anemia, night blindness	Eating	[15]
					Butter	Headache	Smearing
					Blood	Anemia	Drinking
					Hair	Male impotency	Tying
					Urine	Relapsing fever	Bathing
					Butter/cheese	Malaria	Drinking	[22]
					Horn & nail	Swelling	Anointing
					Bone marrow	Fracture and Sprain	Messaging
					Urine	Wound	Washing
					Milk	Abdominal pain	Drinking
Milk					Gastritis, typhoid fever, weight gain, toxin, teeth strength	Drinking	[13]
Spleen					Pleurisy, sciatica	Eating
Bile					Fever	Drinking
Pancreas					Sciatica	Eating
Cheese					Stomach pain	Eating
Digestive Juices					Throat cancer, fever	Drinking
Leg					Slipped disk, bone fractures, common cold	Soup drinking	[13, 26]
Bile					Vision problem	Massaging	[26]
Bile					Malaria	Drinking
Horn					Malaria	Eating
Spleen					Anemia, malaria, trachoma	Eating
Yoghurt					Gastritis	Eating
Gut content					Male impotency	Massaging
Bos indicus Linnaeus			Domestic	Butter	Pellagra, other skin diseases	Smearing	[21]
				Butter	Malaria, paralysis	Eating	[18]
				Milk	Rabies, TB	Drinking
				Urine	Malaria	Drinking
				Spleen	Anemia, malaria, Trachoma	Eating
				Omasum	Gastric	Eating
				Liver	Anemia	Eating
				Yogurt	Gastric	Eating	[23]
Dog	Wusha	Canis familaries Linnaeus	Domestic	Excrement	Relapsing fever	Unspecified	[15]
				Excrement	Gun wound	Smearing	[21]
				Bone	Epilepsy	Tying	[18]
				Tongue	Rabies, gastritis	Eating	[13]
				Urine	Eye disease, ear pain, skin disease, wart	Anointing	[13]
Human	Sew	Homo sapiens Linnaeus	Domestic	Urine	Wound/cut	Bathing	[13, 15]
				Milk	Eye ache	Dropping	[13, 15]
				Stool/feces	Baldness	Smearing/ Anointing	[15, 23]
				]Stool/feces	Wart	Anointing	[18]
				Feces	Evil eye	Burning	[22]
				Feces, urine	Wound	Anointing	[22]
				Hair	Evil eye	Fumigating	[13]
Horse	Feres	Eqqus Caballus Linnaeus	Domestic	Urine	Epilepsy	Drinking	[21]
Crested Porcupine	Jart	Hystrix cristata Linnaeus	Wild	Stomach	Abdominal cramp	Eating	[19]
				Bile	Diarrhea	Drinking
				Bile	Abdominal cramp	Eating
				Liver	Hepatitis	Eating	[13, 17]
				Lung	Fattening	Eating
				Meat	Heart failure	Eating
				Meat	Asthma	Eating	[7, 23]
				Meat	Coughing horse, Pneumonia	Eating	[7]
				Meat	Stomach pain, rheumatism, swelling, stunting, pleurisy, weight gain		[13]
				Meat	Swelling abdomen	Eating	[24]
				Blood	Skin diseases -fungus	Smearing	[21]
				Meat	Asthma, stomach problems, urine complications	Eating	[21]
				Meat	TB, asthma, arthritis, kidney and lung diseases	Eating	[22]
				Liver	Stomachache	Eating	[18]
				Meat	Swelling, TB, headache, HIV/AIDS, asthma, Hypertension	Eating
				Bile	Asthma, diabetes, stomach scramble	Drinking
				Stomach/intestine	Diarrhea, diabetes	Eating
				Thorn/spine	Wound, broken leg	Tying
				Liver	Diabetes disease	Eating
				Bone	Malaise	Fumigating	[13]
				Whole animal	Paralysis and stunting	Soup drinking	[13]
Spotted hyena	Jib	Crocuta crocuta Erxleben	Wild	Meat	TB, sexual attraction	Eating	[19]
				Lip	Evil eye	Eating	[19]
				Scat	Evil sprit	Fumigating	[15]
				Hair	Evil eye	Fumigating
				Liver	Prophylaxis	Anointing
				Bile	Prophylaxis	Anointing
				Eyelash	Evil eye	Fumigating	[7, 24]
				Eye lash	Sleeping problem	Hanging	[13, 21, 22]
				Meat	Evil spirit	Eating	[13, 21, 22]
				Liver	Evil eye	Sniffing	[22]
				Bone	Epilepsy and bad spirit	Tying	[18, 22, 26]
				Bile	Erythroblastosis, nightmare	Tying
				Liver	Infection of skin	Banding
				Skin	Communicable diseases	Tying
				Meat	Epilepsy, anemia	Eating
				Tongue	Evil eye	Eating	[13]
				Teeth	Lymphadenopathy	Anointing	[13]
				Skin	Evil eye, bad spirit	Tying	[7, 18, 22, 26]
				Skin	Epilepsy	Fumigating	[22]
				Eye	Eye disease	Smearing
				Left leg meat	Evil eye	Tying
Striped Hyena	Jib	Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus	Wild	Skin	Bad sprit	Tying	[23]
Desert Warthog	Kerkero	Phacochorus ethiopicus Pallas	Wild	Blood	Arthritis	Drinking	[19]
				Liver	Many diseases	Eating	[17]
				Urine	Many diseases	Drinking	[17]
				Meat	Abdominal pain	Eating	[24]
				Meat	Broken bone, bone ache, breast infestation	Soup drinking	[7]
				Meat	Swelling	Eating	[21]
				Teeth	Toothache	Heating and Smearing	[21]
Common warthog	Kerkero	Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin	Wild	Teeth	Swelling, toothache, Wart, rheumatism, breast pain	Heating	[13, 18, 26]
				Blood	Malaria, asthma,rheumatism	Drinking
				Skin	Herpes	Anointing
				Bile	HIV/AIDS	Drinking
				Horn	Swelling	Heating
				Meat	Bacterial infections, rheumatism	Eating	[13]
				Whole animal	Bacterial infections, common cold	Soup drinking	[13]
African elephant	Zehon	Loxodonta africana Blumenbach	Wild	Feces	Migraine headache	Smearing	[19]
					Asthma	Smoking	[7]
				Bile	Kidney failure	Drinking	[18]
				Bone	Herpes and diarrhea	Massaging
				Ivory	Herpes	Anointing
				Urine	Herpes, urination disorder	Drinking
				Skin	Herpes, back pain, skin wound, trachoma	Anointing
				Ivory	Bad sprit	Tying	[23]
Red deer	Agazen	Cervus elaphus Linnaeus	Wild	Urine	Urinary retention	Drinking	[19]
				Meat	Chest pain	Eating	[24]
				Bile	Syphilis	Drinking	[18]
				Urine	Urination problem	Drinking	[18, 23]
Grater kudu	Agazen	Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas	Wild	Meat	Broken bone	Eating	[7]
Patas monkey	Key tota	Erythrocebus patas Schreber	Wild	Buttock	Muscle spasm	Tying	[19]
				Excrement	Leprosy	Smearing	[15]
				Dung	Broken leg	Fumigating	[24]
				Meat	Skin and internal Iiseases	Eating	[21]
				Blood	Epilepsy	Smearing	[21]
Olive baboon	Tera zinjero	Papio anubis Lesson	Wild	Skin	Broken/misplaced bone, wound/burning	Tying	[18, 26]
				Meat	Rabies and HIV/AIDS	Eating	[18]
				Bile	HIV/AIDS	Drinking
				Meat	STDs, anemia	Eating
				Lung	Pneumonia	Eating	[22]
				Fatty meat	Impotency	Eating
				Fatty meat	Fracture	Dressing
				Urine	Fever	Drinking	[13]
				Excrement	Fever, eye disease, evil eye	Eating	[13]
				Excrement	Sleeping sickness	Fumigating	[26]
Grivet monkey	Grivet tota	Cercopithecus aethiops Linnaeus	Wild	Hair	Black leg	Fumigating	[24]
Grivet monkey	Grivet tota	Cercopithecus aethiops Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Common cold	Eating	[25]
Vervet monkey	Vervet tota	Cercopithecus pygerythrus Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	STDs, anemia (Children)	Eating	[18]
Vervet monkey	Vervet tota	Cercopithecus pygerythrus Linnaeus	Wild	Liver	Body swelling	Eating	[22]
European rabbit	Tinchel	Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus	Wild	Hair	Burn	Smearing	[19]
				Excrement	Relapsing fever	Bathing	[15]
				Whole	Migraine	Externally (rotate)
				Blood	Evil sprit	Sprayed
				Hair	Fire burn	Wounding	[24]
Rabit	Tinchel	Lepus fagani Thomas	Wild	Meat	Common cold	Eating	[25]
Rabit	Tinchel	Lepus fagani Thomas	Wild	Meat	Skin problems	Rubbing	[26]
Abyssinian hare	Tinchel	Lepus habessinicus Hemprich & Ehrenberg	Wild	Blood	Asthma	Drinking	[21]
				Meat	Kidney infection, heart failure, cattle fattening	Eating	[7]
				Fur	Skin burn	Anointing	[7, 26]
Ethiopian hare	Tinchel	Lepus fagani Thomas	Wild	Meat	Stunting in kids	Eating	[13]
				Meat	Cattle disorder, epilepsy	Fumigating, Drinking	[18]
				Fat	Wart	Anointing	[18]
				Fur	Wound (burn)	Anointing	[13]
Pig	Asama	Sus scrofadomesticus Erxleben	Wild	Blood	Trypanosomiasis	Drinking	[17]
				Meat	Rheumatism and headache	Eating	[18, 26]
				Blood	Skin infection	Anointing	[18, 26]
				Meat	Fever	Eating	[13]
Wild boar	Ria	Sus scrofa Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Rheumatism, syphilis, stomachache, malaria	Eating	[18]
Wild boar	Ria	Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin	Wild	Teeth	Swelling, toothache, wart, rheumatism	Heating	[18]
Rock hyrax	Shikoko	Procavia capensis Pallas	Wild	Meat	Fattening	Eating	[17]
				Meat	Swelling of the abdomen	Eating	[24]
				Soup	Asthma, pneumonia	Drinking	[7]
				Whole body	Children retarded growth	Eating	[25]
Bat	Yelelit wof	Cynopterus sphinx Vahl	Wild	Whole body	Bat disease	Tying	[17]
				Meat	Liver disease, Rabies	Eating	[21]
				Meat	Hepatitis, mental disorder	Eating	[18, 26]
				Whole body	Hepatiti	Eating	[23]
				Whole body	Affection	Anointing	[22]
				Meat & bone	Liver diseases	Drinking	[22]
				Meat & blood	Skin disease	Eating, drinking	[13]
				Bone	Mental illness	Fumigating	[26]
African civet	Tirigne /Zibad	Civettictis civetta Schreber	Wild	Musk	Headache	Sniffing	[7, 24]
Leopard	Nebir	Phanthera pardus Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Swelling of abdomen	Eating	[24]
				Tongue	Tremor	Tying	[13]
				Skin	Joint pain and rheumatism	Wearing and Tying	[13]
				Meat	Rabies	Eating	[7]
		Phanthera tigris Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Rabies	Eating	[22, 23]
Cheetah	Aboshemane	Acinonyx jubatus Schreber	Wild	Skin	Hemorrhage	Tying	[18]
Common duiker	Midakuwa	Sylvicapra grimmia Linnaeus	Wild	Blood	Heart failure	Drinking	[24]
				Meat	Leprosy	Eating	[21]
				Meat	Asthma, bone ache	Soup drinking	[7]
				Skin	Walking problem in cattle	Tying	[13]
Common fox	Kebero	Canis mesomelas Schreber	Wild	Meat and brain	Epilepsy	Eating and Smearing	[21]
Common fox	Kebero	Canis mesomelas Schreber	Wild	Brain & meat	Epilepsy, mental disorder	Eating/drinking	[18]
Fox	Kebero	Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus	Wild	Teeth	Epilepsy, mental illness	Fumigating	[22]
				Skin	Postpartum, Hemorrhage	Tying	[22]
				Bile	Heart problem	Anointing	[26]
				Teeth	Throat problem	Tying
				Pancreas	Spleen problem	Tying
				Blood	Hair growth	Smearing
				Meat and brain	Epilepsy, mental Disorders	Eating
Jackal	Kebero	Canis aureus Linnaeus	Wild	Liver	Mental disorder	Eating	[25]
Soemmering gazelle	Yemedafiyel	Nanger soemmerringii Cretzschmar	Wild	Horn	Eye disease, skin disease	Smearing	[21]
Soemmering gazelle	Yemedafiyel	Nanger soemmerringii Cretzschmar	Wild	Meat	Kidney disease, rabies	Eating	[22]
Bushpig	Yedur asama	Potomochoeru sporeus Linnaeus	Wild	Blood	Leprosy	Drinking	[21]
				Meat	Leprosy	Eating	[21]
				Meat	Broken bone, leg & body swelling, TB	Soup drinking	[7]
Cape bushbuck	Dikula	Traglaphus scr Iptus Pallas	Wild	Meat and bone	Internal body cancer	Drinking	[21]
Cape bushbuck	Dikula	Traglaphus scr Iptus Pallas	Wild	Meat	Broken bone	Eating	[7]
Bushbuck	Yedur fiyel	Artiodactyla spp.	Wild	Meat	Cold	Eating	[13]
Impala	Dukula	Aepyceros melampus Lichtenstein	Wild	Fatty meat	Infection on the sole	Eating	[22]
Rat	Ayti	Rattus spp.	Wild	Meat	Intestinal disease	Eating	[13, 18]
				Foot	Nightmare	Tying	[18]
				Blood	Wart	Anointing
Hippopotamus	Gumare	Hipopotamus amphibius Linnaeus	Wild	Bone	Breast swelling, sunburn, body fracture	Banding
Hippopotamus	Gumare	Hipopotamus amphibius Linnaeus	Wild	Skin	Donkey illness	Heating & massaging	[25]
Bear	Dib	Melursus ursinus Shaw	Wild	Bile	Epilepsy	Drinking	[18]
Giraffe	Kechinie	Giraffa camelopardalis Brisson	Wild	Urine and milk	Tuberculosis	Drinking	[18]
Groundhog	Shikoko	Marmota monax Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Coughing, fattening baby	Eating	[18, 26]
Mountain Nyala	Niyala	Tragelapus buxtoni Lydekker	Wild	Urine	Evil eye, bad sprit	Bathing	[23]
Buffalo	Gosh	Syncerus caffer Sparrman	Wild	Meat	For bush meat	Eating	[7]
Serval cat	Dalganbesa	Leptailurus Serval Schreber	Wild	Excrement	Fever	Eating	[7, 13]
Klipspringer	Ses	Oreotragus oreotragus Zimmermann	Wild	Liver	Heart failure	Eating	[22]
Aardvark	Awaldgessa	Orycteropus afer Pallas	Wild	Excrement	Evil eye, stomach pain, sore, skin disease	Eating, drinking	[13]
Gopher	Filfel	Thomomys bottae Eydoux & Gervais	Wild	Teeth	Swelling	Tying
Gray squirrel	Shokako	Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin	Wild	Meat	Trypanosomiasis	Drinking
Birds	Hen	Doro	Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus	Domestic	Liver	Diarrhea	Eating	[17]
					Egg	Night blindness	Eating	[15]
					Liver	Night blindness	Eating	[15]
					Liver	Abdominal pain	Eating	[24]
					Egg	Evil eye	Painting	[21]
					Egg	Snake bite	Drinking	[21]
					Egg	Hear failure	Drinking yolk	[26]
					Egg	Cow and donkey disease	Drinking	[25]
					Egg	Cold, abdominal pain, gastritis, pleurisy, sciatica	Drinking	[13]
					Whole body	Physical injury, wound	Drinking	[18, 26]
					Liver and fat	Swelling wound, pneumonia	Eating	[18, 26]
					Abdominal fat	Ear pain	Anointing	[13]
					Liver	Burn face	Messaging	[23]
					Meat	Fracture	Drinking stew	[22, 25]
					Meat	Kidney disease	Eating	[22]
					Egg	Cough	Drinking
					Egg shell	Eczema	Anointing
					Excrement	Stomach pain, skin disease, sore(head)	Eating and smearing	[13, 26]
	Partridge	Kok/Qoq	Perdx perdix Linnaeus	Wild	Egg	Night blindness	Eating	[15, 23]
					Meat	Asthma	Eating	[21, 23]
					Meat	Night blindness	Eating	[15]
			Alectoris rufa Linnaeus	Wild	Egg	Cold	Drinking	[13]
			Pternistis erckelii Rüppell	Wild	Meat	Asthma	Drinking soup	[22]
	Guineafowl	Jigra	Numida Meleagris Linnaeus	Wild	Liver	Night blindness	Eating	[15]
					Meat	Spine problem	Eating	[24]
					Meat	Night blindness	Eating	[23]
					Meat, egg	Ritual purpose	Eating	[7]
	Parrot	Bekeken	Unspecified	Wild	Beak	Love poison	Unspecified	[15]
	Starling	Warri	Unspecified	Wild	Whole body	Love poison	Unspecified
	Bald eagle	Chilat	Haliaeetus leucocephalus Linnaeus	Wild	Leg bone	Breast swelling	Powdering/smearing
					Wing	Attack deterrent	Piece of the wing carried
					Blood	Skin fungus	Anointing	[18]
	Vulture	Tib Ansa	Gyps spp.	Wild	Leg	Epilepsy	Fumigation
	Vulture	Tib Ansa	Gyps spp.	Wild	Meat	Mental disorder	Eating
	Pigeon	Irigib	Columba livia Gmelin, JF	Wild	Meat	Mental disorder, body fracture, heart failure	Eating
		Irigib	Columba livia Gmelin, JF	Wild	Egg	Pleurisy	Drinking	[13]
		Debenie	Columba arquatrix Temminck	Wild	Blood	Burn	Anointing	[22]
	Red-eyed dove	Irigib	Streptopelia semtorquata Rüppell	Wild	Excrement	Wound healing	Anointing	[23]
	Duck	Dakye	Duck spp.	Wild	Meat	TB	Eating	[18]
	Owl	Gugut	Nocturnalis Strigiformes Wagler	Wild	Flesh	Cancer	Eating	[21]
					Meat	Enhance intelligence	Eating	[25]
					Beak	Evil attack	Tying
	Crow	Kura	Corvus splendens Vieillot	Wild	Leg bone	Goiter	Tying
	Ostrich	Segon	Struthio Camelus Linnaeus	Wild	Fat	Paralyzed leg	Smearing	[21]
	Ostrich	Segon	Struthio Camelus Linnaeus	Wild	Meat and egg	Muscle strain, broken bone, paralysis	Massaging, Anointing	[18]
	Osprey	Gedie	Pandion haliaetus Linnaeus	Wild	Bone	Epilepsy, body fracture	Tying
	Erckel’s francolin	Koki	Pternistis erckelii Rüppell	Wild	Meat	Internal problem	Eating
					Bile	STDS	Drinking
					Meat	Asthma, coughing	Soup drinking	[7]
	Red billed oxpecker	Arechi	Buphagus erythrorhynchus Stanley	Wild	Blood	Skin fungal diseases	Anointing	[18, 23]
	Raven	Kura	Corvus corax Linnaeus	Wild	Bone	Mental illness	Fumigation	[23]
	Raven	Kura	Corvus corax Linnaeus	Wild	Egg	HIV, asthma	Eating	[13]
	Black kite	Chilfit	Milvus migrans Boddaert	Wild	Feather	Ear infection	Cleaning	[7]
	Moorhen	–	Paragallinula angulata Sundevall	Wild	Blood	Bleeding skin infection	Anointing	[7]
Reptiles	Snake	Ebab	Naja naja Linnaeus	Wild	Skin(shed)	Urinary problem	Tying	[13]
					Blood	Snake bite	Drinking	[25]
					Head part	Evil eye	Tying	[25]
			Python molorus Linnaeus	Wild	Whole organism	Python molorus bite	Smoking	[17]
					Scale	Snake bite	Unspecified	[15]
					Scale	Rabies	Eating	[23]
					Skin	Evil sprit	Fumigating	[24]
					Whole animal	Tumor	Anointing	[22]
					Head	Mental illness, nightmare in babies	Fumigating, tying	[22]
					Coat	Headache	Tying	[18, 26]
					Venom	Malaria, snake bite	Anointing
					Head	Diarrhea, evil eye, headache	Tying
	Lizard	Enshilalit	Lacertilia spp.	Wild	Skin	Communicable Disease (infant)	Tying
			Lacertilia spp.	Wild	Whole body	Dry coughing and anemia	Drinking	[18, 26]
			Iguana iguana Linnaeus	Wild	Whole body	Cattle wound	Anointing	[25]
			Iguana iguana Linnaeus	Wild	Fecal matter	Skin problems	Anointing	[26]
	Monitor lizard	Arjano	Varanus spp.	Wild	Whole body	Anemia	Eating	[23]
	Monitor lizard	Arjano	Varanus spp.	Wild	Skin	Cold, rheumatism	Tying	[13]
	Crocodile	Azo	Crocodylus spp.	Wild	Bile	Coughing, TB, teeth rheumatism	Drinking Anointing	[18]
					Bone	Communicable disease	Tying
					Teeth	Epilepsy	Tying
	Python	Zendo	Python spp.	Wild	Bone	Rabies, swelling	Tying	[18, 26]
					Tail & bone	Cancer, swelling	Banding	[18, 26]
					Fat	Wound, ear disease	Banding
					Meat	Rabies, foot crack, ear disorder	Eating, anointing
					Meat	Rabies	Eating	[23]
					Meat	Rabies	Soup drinking	[7]
					Bone	Body swelling	Anointing	[7]
					Fatty meat	Tumor, swelling, wound	Anointing	[22]
					Visceral fat	Rheumatism, asthma, headache, skin disease	Eating	[13]
	Tortoise	Eli	Testudo graeca Linnaeus	Wild	Teeth	Swelling	Heating	[18]
					Shell	Trypanosomiasis, nose bleeding	Fumigation	[18]
					Coat ash	Wart and leprosy	Anointing	[25]
	Chamaleon	Esist	Chamaeleo chamaeleon Linnaeus	Wild	Whole body	Cancer, body fattening	Tying	[18]
					Whole body	Retarded growth	Eating	[25]
					Tongue	Swelling of gland	Tying	[13]
Arthro pods	Honey bee	Nib	Apis mellifera Linnaeus	Domestic	Honey	Allergic	Eating	[17]
					Honey	Burn	Eating/ Smear
					Honey	Common cold	Eating
					Honey	Coughing	Eating
					Honey	Coughing. abdominal pain	Eating	[25]
					Honey	Coughing	Drinking	[13, 24]
					Honey	Chills	Drinking	[22]
					Honey	Cough, asthma	Eating	[21]
					Honey	Wart, asthma, diarrhea, throat pain, stomachache, cough, TB, heart failure	Eating, Drinking	[18, 26]
					Honey	Diarrhea	Eating	[23]
					Larvae	Stomach disorder	Drinking	[13, 18, 26]
	Sweat bee	Tazma	Halictus scabiosae Rossi	Wild	Honey	Rheumatism	Eating	[13]
	German wasp	Terb	Vespula germanica Fabricius	Wild	Honey	Migraine	Eating	[15]
	Housefly	Zinb	Musca domestica Linnaeus	Wild	Whole body	Measles	Eating
	Scorpion	Gint	Hottentotta tamulu Fabricius	Wild	Whole body	Poison	Eating
					Body oil	Burn skin and wart	Heating and anointing	[25]
					Whole body	Scorpions’ toxin/bite	Eating	[13, 25]
			Palamnaeus swammerdami Simon	Wild	Meat	Scorpion bite	Massaging	[18]
	Dragonfly	Yewuhaterb	Sympetrum flaveolum Linnaeus	Wild	Whole body	Swelling	Tying	[13]
	Stingless bees	Tazma nib	Trigona spp.	Wild	Honey	Asthma	Eating	[22, 23]
	Stingless bees	Tazma nib	Meliponula spp.	Wild	Honey	Stomachache, eye disorders, and coughs	Eating	[26]
	Forest honey	Tazma nib	Apis mellifera Linnaeus	Wild	Honey	Constipation, TB	Eating	[21]
	Beetle	Tinzeza	Coleoptera	Wild	Whole body	Dry cough	Drinking	[21]
	Bomble bee	Tinzeza	Bombus spp.	Wild	Honey	Coughing, malaria, stomachache	Eating	[18]
	Termite (Queen)	Misit	All spp.	Wild	Whole body	Livestock fattening	Eating	[18, 23]
	Field cricket	Finta	Gryllus campestris Linnaeus	Wild	Whole body	Eye disease	Eating	[18]
	Gnat (small insect)	Tinign	All spp.	Wild	Honey	Stomachache, eye disorder, coughing	Eating	[18]
	Tick	Meziger	All tick spp.	Wild	Blood	Skin disease	Anointing	[13, 18, 25]
	Spider	Shererit	Unspecified	Wild	Whole body	Poison	Unspecified	[15]
	Bug	Tihuan	Cimex rotundatus Linnaeus	Domestic	Blood	Ringworm	Anointing	[25]
	Butterfly	Birabiro	All spp.	Wild	Whole body	Penis enlargement	Massaging	[23]
	Great diving beetle	Tinzeza	Dytiscus marginalis Linnaeus	Wild	Whole body	Breast enlargement	Breast biting/massaging
Fish	White fish	Nech assa	Pseudobarbus Capensis Smith	Wild	Meat	Brain development	Eating
	Cat fish	Ambaza assa	Clarias gariepinus Burchell	Wild	Meat	Muscle strength	Eating
	Cat fish	Ambaza assa	Clarias gariepinus Burchell	Wild	Meat	Rheumatism	Eating	[26]
	Nile perch	Nech assa	Lates niloticus Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Common cold	Eating, soup drinking	[7]
	Nile perch	Nech assa	Lates niloticus Linnaeus	Wild	Meat	Rheumatism	Eating	[26]
	Fish	Assa	Any fish spp.	Wild	Meat	Bone fractures	Eating	[13]
					Meat	Heart disease	Eating	[15]
					Oil	Heart disease	Unspecified
					Bone	Aphrodisiacs	Fumigating
					Bile	Respiratory disease	Unspecified
					Meat	Rheumatism	Eating	[18]
					Bile	Eye disorder	Eating
					Meat	Rheumatism	Eating
					Liver	Eye disease	Eating	[13]
					Whole animal	Cold, bone fractures		[13]
Amphibians	Frog	Gurt	Afrixalus enseticola Largen	Wild	Whole animal	Loss of consciousness	Anointing	[22]
Annelids	Leech	Alekit	Hirudinea	Wild	Head	Rheumatism	Massaging	[18, 23, 25]

Back to article page

ISSN: 1746-4269

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com