Table 4 List of medicinal plants, their use categories, use reports (tURs), conservation status and other studies citing similar uses. The conservation status of exotic species was not considered. The sign (–) indicates no information was provided

Anacardiaceae

Tree

Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl

Mushamba (Shona), Tree grape (English)

Root

GA (1), FI (1)

Least concern

HR1

2

2

[43]

Anacardiaceae

Tree

Ozoroa insignis Delile

Isafice (Ndebele), Mugaragunguwo (Shona), Tar berry (English)

Root, bark

AP (4) LU (9), FI (6)

Least concern

HR2

3

19

[19, 44, 45]

Apocynaceae

Forb

Gomphocarpus glaucophyllus Schltr

Blue milkweed (English), Gwendere (Shona)

Root, bark

AP (5), GY (4), DE (1)

Least concern

HR4

3

10

[46]

Apocynaceae

Tree

Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf

Muchanga (Shona), Toad-tree (English)

Root

STIs (1), RE (1)

Least concern

HR11

2

2

[47]

Apocynaceae

Shrub

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don

Jasmine-tree (English), Mugashu (Shona)

Bark, seed

GA (3), LA (4)

Least concern

HR16

2

7

[48, 49]

Araliaceae

Tree

Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex A. Rich

Mufenje (Shona), Octopus cabbage tree (English), Umelemele (Ndebele)

Root

GY (1)

Least concern

HR5

1

1

[50]

Aristolochiaceae

Forb

Aristolochia heppii Merxm

Chividze (Shona), Prostate dutchmans-pipe (English)

Root

MA (3), DU (2), FI (1)

Least concern

HR7

3

6

[51]

Asparagaceae

Shrub

Asparagus africanus Lam

Bush asparagus (English)

Root

LA (1)

Least concern

HR6

1

1

[19, 44]

Asphodelaceae

Forb

Aloe cryptopoda Baker

Dr Kirk's aloe (English), Gavakava (Shona)

Root, leaves

GU (9)

Least concern

HR 8

1

9

[19]

Asteraceae

Forb

Dicoma anomala Sond

Chifumuro

Root

GA (1), GY (12), STIs (1), ES (12)

Least concern

HR9

4

35

[19, 44]

Asteraceae

Shrub

Tagetes minuta L

Mbanda (Shona), Mexican marigold (English)

Root, bark

GY (4), FI (1)

Not evaluated

HR11

2

5

[52]

Asteraceae

Forb

Linzia glabra Steetz

Cornflower vernonia (English)

Root, bark

LP (2), STIs (1)

Not evaluated

HR13

2

3

[21]

Bignoniaceae

Tree

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth

Mubveve (Shona), Sausage tree (English), Umvebe (Ndebele)

Root, fruit

STIs (3), FI (1)

Least concern

HR14

2

4

[53,54,55]

Bignoniaceae

Tree

Stereospermum kunthianum Cham

Mutandangozi (Shona), Pink jacaranda (English)

Root

RE (4)

Least concern

HR15

1

4

[56, 57]

Cannabaceae

Tree

Sparrea gomphophylla (Baker) X.G. Fu & T.S.Yi

Mugunduzi (Shona) Rough-leaved white-stinkwood (English)

Bark, leaves

GA (2), LP (2)

Least concern

HR10

2

4

-

Celastraceae

Tree

Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes

Chizhuzhu (Shona), Confetti tree (English), Isihlangu (Ndebele)

Root, leaves

GA (2), FI (2)

Least concern

HR17

2

4

[58]

Chrysobalanaceae

Tree

Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth

Hissing tree (English), Muchakata (Shona), Umkhuna (Ndebele)

Root

NB (1), FI (1)

Least concern

HR18

2

2

[59]

Clusiaceae

Tree

Garcinia buchananii Baker

Granite garcinia (English), Mutunduru (Shona)

Root

AP (1), FI (1)

Not evaluated

HR19

2

2

[15]

Combretaceae

Tree

Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC

Mususu (Shona), Silver cluster-leaf (English), Umangwe (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (2)

Least concern

HR32

1

2

[60, 61]

Cucurbitaceae

Forb

Cucumis metuliferus Jacques

African horned cucumber (English), Mugaka (Shona), Umhlagahlaga (Ndebele)

Root

FI (1)

Not evaluated

HR33

1

1

[62]

Ebenaceae

Shrub

Euclea divinorum Hiern

Magic guarri (English), Mushangura (Shona), Umtshekesane (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (7), DU (1)

Least concern

HR43

2

8

[15, 19, 44, 63]

Euphorbiaceae

Forb

Ricinus communis L

Castor-oil plant (English)

Leaves, seed

GA (2), FI (1)

Not evaluated

HR44

2

3

[64]

Fabaceae

Tree

Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. Wight

Rough-barked flat-top (English)

Root

LU (7), AP (7), LA (7)

Least concern

HR20

3

21

[65]

Fabaceae

Tree

Albizia anthelmintica (A. Rich.) Brongn

Munanzwa (Shona) Worm-cure albizia (English

Root

(LU)11, AP (1), GY (2), LA (8)

Least concern

HR21

4

31

[66]

Fabaceae

Tree

Albizia antunesiana Harms

Muriranyenze (Shona) Purple-leaved albizia (English) Umnonjwana (Ndebele)

Root

MA (8), RE (8)

Least concern

HR22

2

16

[15, 19, 44, 67]

Fabaceae

Tree

Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema

Mucherekese (Shona) Snake bean (English)

Root, bark

CA (2)

Least concern

HR23

1

2

[21]

Fabaceae

Tree

Burkea africana Hook

False ash (English) Mukarati (Shona) Umnondo (Ndebele)

Root

RE (1)

Least concern

HR24

1

1

[22, 68]

Fabaceae

Tree

Cassia abbreviata Oliv

Brachystegia tamarindoides Benth. subsp. microphylla (Harms)

Root, bark, leaves

GA (26), AP (3), GY (1), STIs (27), ES (1)

Least concern

HR25

5

58

[15, 19, 22, 44]

Fabaceae

Tree

Cassia fistula L

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill

Root

GA (6), AP (1), STIs (6)

–

HR26

3

13

[69]

Fabaceae

Tree

Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard

Iphane (Ndebele), Musharu (Shona), Turpentine tree (English)

Root, leaves

STIs (2)

Least concern

HR27

1

2

[22, 70]

Fabaceae

Tree

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn

Mupangara (Shona), Sickle bush (English), Ugagu (Ndebele)

Root, bark

AP (3), STIs (3)

Least concern

HR28

2

6

[15, 22, 71, 72]

Fabaceae

Forb

Dolichos kilimandscharicus Taub

Veld lupin (English)

Root

AIDS (1)

Not evaluated

HR29

1

1

[73]

Fabaceae

Shrub

Entada goetzei (Harms) S.A.O'Donnell & G.P. Lewis

Intolwane (Ndebele), Mugudzuru (Shona), Narrow-pod elephant root (English)

Root

GA (31), LA (1), AB (3)

Not evaluated

HR30

3

62

[74, 75]

Fabaceae

Shrub

Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich

Muguruzwuzwu (Shona), Skew-leaved Elephant Root (English)

Root

GA (3)

Least concern

HR31

1

3

[76,77,78]

Fabaceae

Forb

Eriosema cordatum E.Mey

Tsombori (English)

Root

AP (1), FI (2)

Not evaluated

HR34

2

3

[79,80,81]

Fabaceae

Tree

Erythrina abyssinica Lam

Mutiti (Shona), Red-hot-poker tree (English), Umgqogqogqo (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (3), AP (2), STIs (3), FI (3)

Least concern

HR35

4

11

[82, 83]

Fabaceae

Forb

Indigofera setiflora Baker

Mutsvairo (Shona), Ruvavashuro (Shona)

Leaves

GA (1)

Not evaluated

HR36

1

1

[22, 71, 84]

Fabaceae

Tree

Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin

Mutondo (Shona), Umtshonkwe (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (1)

Least concern

HR37

1

1

[22]

Fabaceae

Tree

Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh

Ihabahaba (Ndebele), Monkey bread (English), Musekesa (Shona),

Leaves

FI (1)

Least concern

HR38

1

1

[85]

Fabaceae

Tree

Pterocarpus angolensis DC

Bloodwood (English), Mubvamaropa (Shona), Umvagazi (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (11), AP (6), GY (11), ES (1), IB (11)

Least concern

HR39

5

40

[15, 19, 44, 86]

Fabaceae

Shrub

Senna singueana (Delile) Lock

Isihaqa esincinyane (Ndebele), Mushayanyoka (Shona), Sticky pod (English)

Root, bark

GA (5), RE (5), DE (5), FI (1)

Least concern

HR40

4

16

[87,88,89,90]

Hypoxidaceae

Forb

Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall

Star flower, Nhindiri (Shona)

Root

GA (1)

Not evaluated

HR41

1

1

[91, 92]

Hypoxidaceae

Forb

Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex Ker Gawl

Yellow star (English), Hodzori (Shona)

Root

GU (1), GA (2)

Not evaluated

HR42

2

3

[15, 44, 84]

Lamiaceae

Tree

Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr

Chocolate berry (English), Mutsubvu (Shona), Umtshwankela (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (1), GY (1)

Least concern

HR45

2

2

[93]

Loganiaceae

Tree

Strychnos cocculoides Baker

Corky monkey-orange (English), Muzhumwi (Shona)

Root, bark

GA (4), STIs (1)

Least concern

HR46

2

5

[15, 19, 44]

Loganiaceae

Tree

Strychnos spinosa Lam

Mutamba-mun'ono (Shona), Spiny monkey-orange (English), Umngono (Ndebele)

Root, bark

GA (2), STIs (2)

Least concern

HR47

2

4

[13, 19, 44, 84]

Malvaceae

Forb

Hibiscus cannabinus L

Sosoori (Shona), Small-flowered kenaf (English), Ugangampunza (Ndebele)

Leaves

STIs (1)

Not evaluated

HR51

1

1

[94]

Malvaceae

Forb

Hibiscus mutabilis L

Sosoori (Shona), Prickly hibiscus (English), Ugangampunza (Ndebele)

Leaves

FI (2)

Not evaluated

HR52

1

2

[95]

Meliaceae

Tree

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm

Dogplum (English), Mudanhatsindi (Shona)

Root, bark

RE (1), FI (11), ES (1)

Least concern

HR53

3

22

[96,97,98]

Meliaceae

Tree

Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC

Mururu (Shona), Red mahogany (English)

Root

STIs (2)

Vulnerable

HR54

1

2

[99, 100]

Moraceae

Tree

Ficus thonningii Blume

Common wild fig (English), Intenjane (Ndebele), Mutsamvi (Shona)

Root, bark

GY (1)

Least concern

HR48

1

1

[101]

Moringaceae

Shrub

Moringa oleifera Lam

Horse-radish tree (English), Moringa (English)

Root, bark, leaves

DU (1)

-

HR49

1

10

[19, 44, 102, 103]

Myrothamnaceae

Shrub

Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw

mufandichimuka (Shona), Resurrection bush (English)

Root, bark

GA (1), RE (5), FI (3), GU (5)

Not evaluated

HR50

4

14

[15, 44, 84, 86]

Myrtaceae

Tree

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh

River red gum (English)

Bark, leaves

RE (2)

–

HR55

1

2

[104]

Ochnaceae

Tree

Ochna pulchra Hook

Muparamhosva (Shona), Peeling-bark ochna (English), Umnyelenyele (Ndebele)

Root, seed

RE (1), GA (1)

Least concern

HR56

2

2

[13, 44, 84, 105]

Orchidaceae

Epiphyte

Ansellia africana Lindl

Leopard orchid (English)

Bark

GA (2)

Vulnerable

HR57

1

2

[106, 107]

Pittosporaceae

Tree

Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims

Cheesewood (English), Iyoyi (Ndebele), Muchemedzambuya (Shona)

Root

GA (4), STIs (2)

Least concern

HR58

2

6

[108, 109]

Polygalaceae

Tree

Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen

Mufufu (Shona), Umfufu (Ndebele), Violet tree (English)

Root

GA (3)

Least concern

HR59

1

3

[110, 111]

Sapindaceae

Tree

Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius Baker

Musando (Shona), River-litchi (English)

Root

FI (1)

Not evaluated

HR60

1

1

–

Sapindaceae

Tree

Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell

Muchenya (Shona), Velvet-fruit zanha (English)

Root

HD (5)

Not evaluated

HR61

1

5

[112]

Sapotaceae

Tree

Mimusops zeyheri Sond

Muchechete (Shona),Red milkwood (English), Umbumbulu (Ndebele)

Root, bark

STIs (1), ES (1)

Least concern

HR62

2

2

[113,114,115]

Sinopteridaceae

Fern

Hemionitis calomelanos (Sw.) Christenh

Mumvuriwedombo (Shona)

Root

GA (1), AP (1), FI (1)

Not evaluated

HR63

3

3

[15, 116,117,118]

Urticaceae

Shrub

Pouzolzia mixta Solms

Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f

Root

GA (3), STIs (2)

Least concern

HR64

2

5

[72, 119,120,121]

Zingiberaceae

Forb

Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K.Schum

Matongururu (Shona)

Root, bark

GA (3), AIDS (3), STIs (3)

Least concern

HR65

3

9

[122, 123]