Table 3 List of medicinal plants utilized for the treatment of humans and livestock diseases

Asteraceae

Sonchus bipontini Asch

Meracho (Shk)

H

LF

Fresh

To prepare the mixture, finely grind the leaves of Meracho and Nukesho, then combine the resulting extract with water. Consume the juice in a coffee cup, filling it to the depth of a small finger at the upper joint. For detoxification, ingest two spoonfuls of honey or cheese; this method is free from side effects. However, it is advised to avoid this remedy during pregnancy.

Oral

Amoeba

Wild

AA01

Cucurbitaceae

Peponium vogelii (Hook.f) Engl.

Tojo (Shk)

CL

LF

Fresh

Crushed fresh leaves are combined with water and consumed as a beverage.

Oral

Intestinal worms

Wild

AA02

Asteraceae

Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild,

kershu (Sh)

H

LF

Fresh

The crushed portion of fresh leaves is applied to the infected area of Ear.

Auricular

Ear ailments

Wild

AA03

Asteraceae

Acmella caulirhiza Del.

Yemdirberbere (Am)

H

FW

Fresh

Chewing small portions of fresh fruit and swallowing them orally, as well as chewing and applying the fruit around the infected areas, can be beneficial. The fruit serves to cleanse any debris from the eye.

Oral

Tonsilitis

Wild

AA04

Boraginaceae

Cordia africana Lam.

Danpe(Mg)

T

LF

Fresh

The fresh shoot of this plant should be applied to the affected area through gentle rubbing until recovery is achieved.

Dermal

Ringworm

HG & Wild

AA05

LF

Fresh

The fresh shoot of this plant should be applied to the affected area through gentle rubbing until recovery is achieved.

Dermal

Wound

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbita pepo L.

Duba(Am)

H

SD

Dry

Dry seeds are prepared and consumed in the morning.

Oral

Tape worm

HG & Wild

AA06

SD

Dry

Dry seeds are prepared and consumed in the morning.

Oral

Ascaries

Boraginaceae

Cynoglossum coeruleum (Hochst.ex.A. rich.)

aye-charo (Sh)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh roots are masticated and applied to the inflamed area.

Dermal

Body swelling

Wild

AA07

LF

Fresh

The crushed leaves and roots of Cynoglossum coeruleum are subjected to boiling and subsequently used for fumigation through the nasal passages, or alternatively, the fresh roots and leaves of the plant can be applied as a cream to the affected area.

spider venom

Solanaceae

Datura stramonium L.

Nafnifo(Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed and applied as a paste to the scalp.

Dermal

Ringworm

Wild

AA08

Solanaceae

Datura metel L.

Dingerato(Kf)

H

Wh

Fresh

Applying the entire plant portion to the area impacted by a snake bite.

Dermal

Snake poison

Wild

AA09

Lamiaceae

Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham.ex D.Don

kursi-charo (Sh)

H

LF

Fresh

Crushed fresh leaves consumed in small quantities each morning.

Oral

Stomach bleeding problem

Wild

AA10

Alliaceae

Allium sativum L.

Nech-duqisho(Kf)

H

Bu

Fresh/Dry

Fresh roots or stems can be chewed and applied directly to the affected area or placed on the wound site.

Dermal

Rabies

Market

AA11

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Nech bahrzaf (Am)

T

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves were manually rubbed and then inhaled for their scent.

Nasal

Headache

HG&Wild

AA12

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are manually crushed and inhaled for their aromatic qualities.

Nasal

Common cold

Fabaceae

Erythrina abyssinica Lam

Bero(Shk)

T

BR

Dry

The bark of this plant is utilized in smoking practices as a means to repel snakes and counteract poison.

Dermal

Snake poison

Wild

AA13

LF

Fresh

Freshly cut plant segments were crushed, resulting in a drop of liquid being introduced into the eye.

Optical

Eye disease

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia ampliphylla Pox.

Oakaro (Shk)

SH

LT/sap

Fresh

The combination of sap and butter administered orally.

Oral

Rabies

Wild

AA14

RT

Fresh

Root tied on swollen part

Dermal

Body swollen

Moraceae

Ficus ovata Vahl

Dokey(Mg)

T

BR

Dry

The bark of this plant is ground into a powder and combined with water and milk for oral consumption.

Oral

Rabies

Wild

AA15

Moraceae

Ficus sur Forssk.

Shola(Am)

T

FR

Dry

Dried fruits are ground into a fine powder and subsequently combined with honey, which is then consumed orally on two occasions.

Oral

Malaria

Wild

AA16

FR

Dry

Dried fruits are crushed into a powder and subsequently formed into a paste for application on wounds.

Dermal

Wound

FR

Dry

Dried fruits are crushed into a powder and subsequently formed into a paste for application on wounds.

Dermal

Acute bleeding

BR

Fresh

Fresh stem barks are crushed, pounded, boiled, and subsequently cooled before being consumed as tea on two occasions.

Oral

Vomiting

Aloaceae

Aloe kefaensisGilbert & Sebsebe

Ginwaro (Kf)

H

LT/sap

Fresh

The latex component was applied to the infected area, and this process was repeated by painting the latex onto the affected region consistently over a duration of three to four days.

Dermal

Ringworm

Wild

AA17

LT/sap

Fresh

The latex component was applied to the wound, and the same latex material was consistently applied to the infected area over a duration of three to four days.

Dermal

Wound

Wild

Acanthaceae

Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex A. Nees) T.Anders

Sensel(Am)

SH

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are subjected to heat from a flame, after which salt is applied and the leaves are secured around the swollen area.

Dermal

Wound

HG&Wild

AA18

RT

Fresh

The crushed root, when combined with water and milk, is consumed orally.

Oral

Rabies

LF

Fresh

The leaves and shoots are subjected to crushing and boiling in a mixture of water, salt, and butter, with a single glass being ingested over a period of three consecutive days. The recommended antidote is milk.

Oral

Malaria

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich

Kachamiitobo (Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are subjected to heat, followed by the application of salt, and subsequently secured onto the inflamed area.

Dermal

Wound

HG&Wild

AA19

Lamiaceae

Leucas tomentosa Gurke.

shonku-charo (Sh)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves combined with Ocimum urticifolium are to be chewed and ingested in the morning.

Oral

Intestinal, Parasites

Wild

AA20

Cucurbitaceae

Momordica foetida Schumach.

Munji (Mg)

H

WH

Fresh

The entire component is crushed and ground, subsequently filtered, and consumed.

Oral

Glandular, swelling

Wild

AA21

LF

Fresh

A series of tests were conducted over a three-day period, during which urine was applied to the apex of the leaf shoot to assess for the presence of jaundice.

Dermal

Jaundice

RT

Fresh

The root section has failed, resulting in damage to the surrounding facial area.

Deraml

Facial problem

LF

Fresh

To promote healing of the wound, it is advisable to extract the juice from the leaf of this plant and apply it directly to the affected region.

Dermal

Wound

Moringaceae

Moringa stenopetala L.

Shiferaw(Am)

T

LF

Fresh

Freshly chopped leaves are prepared and consumed as a part of the daily diet.

Oral

Diabetes

HG&Wild

AA22

Lamiaceae

Ocimum urticifolium Roth.

Damo Gabo (Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are manually rubbed, and the resulting droplets are consumed; additionally, the leaves are applied to the skin and inhaled.

Oral

Fever

HG&Wild

AA23

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are manually rubbed, and the resulting droplets are consumed, while the leaves are also applied to the skin and inhaled.

Oral

Headache

Oleaceae

Olea europeasubsp. Cuspidata (Wall.ex G. Don) Cif.

Woyira(Am)

T

LF

Dry/fresh

The utilization of dry or fresh branches as a means of oral hygiene serves to eliminate bacteria within the oral cavity.

Oral

Teeth problem

HG&Wild

AA24

LF

Fresh

Boil fresh leaves and consume the infusion in the morning.

Oral

Stomachach

Asteraceae

Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.

Shukindo (Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves were crushed and inhaled through the nostrils.

Nasal

headache

Market

AA25

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus prinoides L'Herit.

Gesho(Am)

SH

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves were applied to the affected area of the skin.

Dermal

Wound

HG&Wild

AA26

Poaceae

Arundinaria alpina K. Schum.

Shinatto (Kf)

SH

LF

Fresh

Crushed fresh root is applied to the infected area.

Dermal

Wound

Wild

AA27

Polygonaceae

Rumex nepalensis Spreng.

Tult (Am)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are subjected to heat, after which the extracted fluids are administered into the ear canal.

Auricular

Ear problem

Wild

AA28

RT

Dry/fresh

The dried or fresh root can be masticated and applied directly to the affected area.

Dermal

Body swelling

Solanaceae

Solanum incanum L.

Embuay(Am)

SH

RT

Fresh

The raw root is masticated and ingested.

Oral

Intestinal parasites

Wild

AA29

LF

Fresh

Fresh leafs are rubbed and inserted in to nose.

Nasal

Nasal bleeding

FR

Fresh

Fresh fruits or foliage are applied to the area affected by snake bites through a rubbing motion.

Dermal

Snake bite

Menispermaceae

Stephania abyssinica Dillon and A.Rich.

Kuda(Sh)

Cl

RT

Fresh

Fresh roots are masticated, and the extracted juice is ingested.

Oral

Sudden sickness

Wild

AA30

LF

Fresh

Freshly picked leaves are manually rubbed, and droplets are applied to the skin.

Dermal

Skin cancer

WH

Fresh

Fresh and whole components are crushed and pounded, followed by infusion and decoction, which are consumed in the evening.

Oral

Jaundice

ST

Fresh

Chewing fresh stems and ingesting the resulting extracts.

Oral

Cough

Rubiaceae

Coffea arabica L.

Moye(Mj)

SH

WH

Dry

Entire sections are ablaze and emitting smoke.

Nasal

Malaria

HG&Wild

AA31

SD

Dry

Seeds are crushed, masticated, and ingested.

Oral

Gastric illness

SD

Dry

Dried, ground seeds are administered nasally.

Nasal

Headache

Fabaceae

Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak.

Yaago(Shk)

T

BR

Fresh

Fresh stem bark is ground and mixed with water, then administered orally and applied topically on the skin.

Dermal

Ecto-parasities

Wild

AA32

BR

Dry

Utilize the bark to ignite a fire and employ it to grasp the teeth.

Oral

Toothache

Asparagaceae

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Ufikaro (Kf)

H

ST

Fresh

The stem was damaged and subsequently applied to the infected area until healing occurred.

Dermal

Spider poison

Wild

AA33

Rutaceae

Clausena anisata Willd. Benth.

Emasoy (Mg)

SH

ST

Fresh/dry

Utilizing a stem can effectively eliminate bacteria from the teeth through brushing three times a week.

Oral

Toothach

Wild

AA34

Cucurbitaceae

Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.

Anchote(Mg)

H

TB

Fresh/dry

The tuber of this plant is administered to individuals with injuries to aid in the recovery from fractured bones.

Oral

Broken bone

Wild

AA35

TB

Root tuber sections consumed consistently over several days.

Oral

Gastric

Cucurbitaceae

Lagenaria abyssinica ( Hook.f. ) C. Jeffrey

Tojo(Kf)

H

FR

Fresh/dry

The fruits were crushed with water and consumed using a small coffee cup over the course of three days.

Oral

Intestinal parasite

Wild

AA36

Sterculiaceae

Dombeya torrida (J.F. Gmel.) P. Bamps

Bo’aro (Shk)

T

LF

Fresh

The newly harvested leaves collide and blend with the foliage of Setaria megaphylla, creating a vibrant application on the surface.

Dermal

Snake bite

Wild

AA37

LF

Fresh

The fresh leaves and bark of 'DIKINO' are initially ground using a mortar and pestle, after which they are combined with honey and administered orally to the patient.

Oral

Tuberculosis

Dracaenaceae

Dracaena steudneri Engler

Astu(Sh)

Sh

ST

Fresh

The internal portion of the stem was crushed, and the resulting liquid was combined with Eragrostis teff bread, locally referred to as Gasho. This mixture was consumed over a period of three days using a small cup.

Oral

Jaundice

Wild

AA38

Asteraceae

Echinops kebericho Mesfin

Kaphero(Kf)

SH

RT

Fresh/Dry

The root was damaged, causing debris to scatter around the body or residence.

Dermal

Snake repellant

Market

AA39

Myrsinaceae

Embelia schimperi Vatke

Dupho(Kf)

SH

FR

Fresh/Dry

Fruits were blended with water, and the resulting liquid was consumed over a period of three days.

Oral

Intestinal parasite

Wild

AA40

Musaceae

Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman

Odu(Sh)

H

St

Dry

Bulla, a starchy powder prevalent in the region, is usually ingested alongside milk.

Oral

Broken bone set

Wild

AA41

Rubiaceae

Galium simense Fresen.

Shatto(Kf)

H

RT

Fresh

The internal root section was scraped and applied to the wound for a duration of two to three days.

Dermal

Wound

Wild

AA42

LT

Frresh

Latex extracted from the stem is placed in a specific container and consumed orally over a period of three days using a small cup.

Oral

Pneumonia

Rubiaceae

Hallea rubrostipulata (K. Schum.) J.F. Leroy

Oppo(Shk)

T

BR

Fresh/Dry

Bark experienced a series of intense episodes, characterized by loud impacts, and consumed half a cup of liquid over the course of three days.

Oral

Jaundice

Wild

AA43

Verbenaceae

Lippia adoensis var koseret Sebsebe

Kosert(Am)

SH

LF

Fresh

A fresh leaf shoot was crushed and combined with milk, then consumed using half a coffee cup daily for a duration of seven days.

Oral

Blood pressure

Wild

AA44

LF

Fresh

A fresh leaf shoot was crushed and combined with milk, then consumed using half a coffee cup over the course of three days.

Oral

Intestinal parasite

Celastraceae

Maytenus arbutifolia (A. Rich.) Wilczek

Atat (Am)

SH

LF

Fresh

The newly developed sections of the leaf were crushed and applied as a spray to the affected eye.

Optical

Eye disease

Wild

AA45

Fabaceae

Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.

Cholo(Kf)

SH

SD

Fresh/dry

The fruit component was crushed, boiled in water, and consumed half a cup daily for a duration of three to four days.

Oral

Cough

Wild

AA46

Lamiaceae

Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.

Damo(Kf)

SH

LF

Fresh

The steam is generated by immersing the fresh leaves and stems in boiling water, after which it is inhaled.

Nasal

Fibril lines

HG&Wild

AA47

Rubiaceae

Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich.

Aemato(Kf)

T

LF

Fresh

Leaves were severed four times and placed in front of the patient beside the affected eye.

Optical

Eye disease

Wild

AA48

Piperaceae

Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr.

Gargio(Kf)

Cl

ST

Fresh

The stem was masticated and its fluid ingested through the oral cavity.

Oral

Stomachache

Wild

AA49

ST

Fresh

The stem was masticated and ingested along with its fluid through the oral cavity.

Intestinal problem

Asteraceae

Cineraria abyssinica Sch. Bip. exA. Rich.

Nopphoo (Kf)

CL

ST

Fresh

The stem broke, and the children consumed its fluid.

Oral

Intestinal problem

Wild

AA50

Vitaceae

Cissus petiolata Hook.f

Asqusa (Sh)

Cl

Rt

Fresh

Following the meticulous chopping of the root into fine pieces and the subsequent extraction of its juice, a total of one cup of the resulting mixture was ingested over a span of three days. The antidote recommended for this preparation consists of a combination of milk and honey.

Oral

Bloody diarrhea

Wild

AA51

Lamiaceae

Pycnostachys abyssinica Fresen.

Yearo(Kf)

SH

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves were crushed, pressed, and combined with liquids and cheese before consumption.

Oral

Stomach bleeding

Wild

AA52

LF

Fresh

After giving birth, the females engaged in a cleansing ritual that lasted for five days, during which they immersed themselves in water, while the leaves fell around them.

Dermal

Fibril illness

Asteraceae

Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd.

Ae'macho (Kf)

H

LF

Fesh

The Leaf fell and consumed for a duration of three days.

Oral

Intestinal parasite

Wild

AA53

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia dumalis S.Carter

Abdombo(Shk)

SH

ST

Fresh

Application of stem cut and latex paint on the enlarged areas of the body.

Dermal

Wound

Wild

AA54

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens rothii Hook.f.

Oc’ino(Shk)

Cl

RT

Fresh

The root component was prepared and consumed over a span of three days.

Oral

Blood pressure

Wild

AA55

Rosaceae

Laggera crispata (Vahl) Happer & Wood.

Shetti Uphicho (Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

Heated leaves are applied to the facial areas.

Dermal

Headache

Wild

AA56

Poaceae

Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) Th. Dur. & Schinz

Fotto(Shk)

H

RT

Fresh/dry

The root was either damaged or consumed, resulting in a spray being applied to the body.

Dermal

Snake problems

Wild

AA57

Solanaceae

Solanum americanum Mill

Acho(Am)

H

LF

Fresh

Leaves were prepared and consumed as a regular part of the diet.

Oral

Gastric problems

Wild

AA58

Rubiaceae

Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel.

Gujjii machoo (Kf)

T

BR

Dry

Bark was crushed and combined with wheat flour, then boiled and consumed in one glass over the course of two days.

Oral

Ascaries

Wild

AA59

Verbenaceae

Verbena officinalis L.

Ambelacho (Kf)

H

Lf

Fresh

The leaf component was damaged and ingested orally.

Oral

Gastric

Wild

AA60

Asteraceae

Bidens prestinaria (Sch. Bip.) Cufod.

Kello(Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

The leaf was subjected to a process of crushing, pressing, and the introduction of liquids through the ear over a duration of three days, albeit in minimal quantities.

Auricular

Ear disease

Wild

AA61

Myrsinaceae

Measa lanceolata Forssic

Chego(Kf)

SH

LF

Fresh

The newly emerged shoot section was damaged and subsequently sprayed onto the impacted area of the body.

Dermal

Wound

Wild

AA62

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria mannii Hook.f.

Dingermiko (Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

The foliage and stem were crushed, resulting in pigment being transferred onto the bitten surface of the body.

Dermal

Spider bite

Wild

AA63

Commelinaceae

Commelina benghalensis L.

wuhaankur (Am)

H

Lf

Fresh

The leaf was meticulously crushed and securely bound with fabric until it returned to its initial condition.

Dermal

Hata

Wild

AA64

St

Fresh

Administer the stem sap to the impacted area until full recovery is achieved.

Dermal

Ringworm

Euphorbiaceae

Manihot esculenta Cranz.

Kech(Am)

Sh

TB

Fresh

The tuber of this plant is utilized in culinary practices and consumed for its potential to lower elevated blood pressure levels.

Oral

Hypertension

Wild

AA65

Malvaceae

Sida acuta Burm.f.

Keravat (Am)

H

LF

Fresh

The area of the wound is addressed through the application of a solution obtained from the leaf.

Oral

Wound

Wild

AA66

Solanaceae

Withania somniera (L.) Dun.

Kumo (Or)

Sh

LF

Dry

In periods of illness, a therapeutic preparation can be created by finely grinding the leaves of Withania somnifera in conjunction with the leaves of Artemisia abyssinica, Ruta chalepensis, and the bulb of Allium sativum. This composite can subsequently be inhaled and secured around the neck with the aid of cotton fabric and silk thread.

Nasal

Evil eye

HG

AA67

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach L.

Nim(Am)

T

LF

Fresh

To prepare the mixture, crush the leaves of the plant and combine them with water. Consume this mixture following your breakfast.

Oral

Malaria

Wild&HG

AA68

Asteraceae

Bidens macroptera (Sch Bip.) ex Chiov. Mesfin.

Adey abeba(Am)

H

FW

Dry

The flower is ground into a fine powder and administered nasally as a treatment for cancer.

Dermal

Cancer

Wild

AA69

Simaroubaceae

Brucea antidysenetrica J.F.Mill.

Nukasho(Shk)

SH

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed with water and administered orally.

Oral

Livestock stomach problem

Wild

AA70

Lamiaceae

Pycnostachys eminii Gürke

Boqale kako(Kf)

SH

ST

Dry

Stems were incinerated and animals were subjected to smoking.

Dermal

Livestock disease

Wild

AA71

Melianthaceae

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.

Ororo(Kf)

T

Seed

Dry

The dry seeds are ground into a powder and administered to the animal.

Oral

Livestock Cough

Wild

AA72

LF

Fresh

To eliminate any plastics present in the stomachs of animals, fresh leaves are crushed and subsequently soaked.

Oral

Livestock Intestinal disease

Asteraceae

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Shetti Mitto (Kf)

H

Lf

Fresh

The foliage of Allium sativum and Ruta chalepensis is amalgamated with seeds and subsequently ground into a fine powder. This powder is then immersed in water for inhalation purposes. Moreover, the powder may be incinerated to produce a fumigatory effect. Additionally, the crushed blend can be enclosed within a cotton cloth and worn around the neck.

Nasal/Dermal

Wound

Wild

AA73

Sapindaceae

Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk.

She’o(Kf)

T

RT

Fresh

The root, leaf, and bark components were combined, crushed, and subjected to friction over a period of three days.

Dermal

Livestock Skin problem

Wild

AA74

Brassicaceae

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

Shanafo (Kf)

H

Sd

Fresh

Before consumption, immerse both the fruit and leaf of this plant in either milk or water, and then consume them on an empty stomach.

Oral

Livestock Intestinal ailment (diarrhea)

Wild

AA75

Polygonaceae

Rumex abyssinicus Jack.

Ambatto (Shk)

H

Rt

Fresh

The pulverized root of Rumex abyssinicus is mixed with water and applied to the affected area through gentle rubbing.

Oral

Livestock Wound

Wild

AA76

Aloaceae

Aloe Vera Schweinf. var. aethiopica

Eret(Am)

H

Rt

Fresh

In the sixth month of gestation, livestock receive a blend of powdered fresh roots that have been ground and subsequently diluted with water following a filtration process.

Oral

Livestock Rh disease

HG

AA77

Solanaceae

Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach

Kumbaffo(Kf)

SH

LF

Fresh

The leaf was crushed and consumed by the animal.

Oral

Livestock Intestinal disease

Wild

AA78

Apiaceae

Coriandrum sativum L

Dimbilal (Am)

H

SD

Dry

The procedure entails the milling of the roasted seeds, followed by their amalgamation with water, and the subsequent oral ingestion of the resultant mixture.

Oral

Common cold (Human)

Market

AA79

SD

Dry

Seeds are ground into a fine powder, mixed with water, and delivered orally to cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys as a diluted solution.

Oral

Cough(livestock)

Euphorbiaceae

Croton macrostachyus Del.

Shomo(Shk)

T

LF

Dry/fresh

Leaves, whether dry or fresh, are crushed and ground into a powder before being applied. Additionally, latex extracted from the petiole or leaf is utilized.

Dermal

Wound cancer (Human Acute blooding &Tetanus (human) Intestinal parasites,

HG&Wild

AA79

BR

Fresh

Fresh stem bark is crushed and pounded with water, subsequently filtered, and consumed in the morning after breakfast until recovery is achieved.

Oral

Amoeba, Gonorrhea and Pneumonia (human)

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed, pounded, and filtered, followed by the process of drenching.

Oral

Stomach problem (livestock)

AA81

Solanaceae

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill

Timatim(Am)

H

Lf

Fresh

Place the masticated leaf on the impacted area and maintain its position until full recovery is achieved.

Dermal

Spider poison(Human)

Wild

AA82

Lf

Fresh

A mixture of freshly ground leaves combined with clean water is provided to livestock in an amount comparable to that of a standard tea glass.

Oral

Bloating(Livestock)

Cuppressaceae

Juniperus procera Hochst. ex. Engl

Tsid(Am)

T

SD

Dry

Dry seeds are ground into a fine powder, which is subsequently blended with tea. This mixture is then consumed and inhaled through the nasal passages.

Oral

Pneumoni, Nasal problem Asthma (human)

Wild

AA83

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are ground and pulverized before being combined with butter for oral administration.

Oral

cough (livestock)

Solanaceae

Nicotiana tabacum L.

Timbaho(Am)

H

Lf

Fresh

The leaf of this specific plant is ground and mixed with water. Subsequently, a coffee cup filled halfway with the resulting liquid is administered through the nasal passage to eradicate the leech.

Oral

Leech(Livestock)

HG&Wild

AA84

Dry leaves are crushed and ground into a fine powder, which is then inhaled through the nose by humans.

Headache (human)

Boraginaceae

Ehretia cymosa Thonn.

Ulaga(Or)

T

Lf

Fresh

The leaf was crushed and soaked in a glass of water to create a solution intended for cattle.

Oral

Febrile illness/ Mich

HG/Wild

AA85

Rosaceae

Prunus Africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm.

Omo(Shk)

T

ST

Dry

The dry stem bark is subjected to crushing, pounding, and grinding processes, after which it is transformed into a fine powder and subsequently applied to...

Dermal

Wound (both)

Wild

AA86

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca dodecandra L'Herit.

Shorshu(Sh)

Cl

RT

Dry/fresh

The root, whether dry or fresh, is masticated and subsequently ingested.

Oral

Bliharzia (human)

HG&Wild

AA87

BR

Dry

The stem bark is exposed to sunlight for drying, after which it is chewed and the resulting fluid is ingested over a period of three days.

Oral

Intestinal parasites, Amoeba (human)

RT

Dry

The dried root is crushed into a fine powder and subsequently combined with water, which is then consumed following breakfast.

Oral

Pneumonia (human)

RT

Dry

The dried root is crushed into a fine powder and subsequently combined with water, which is then consumed following breakfast.

Oral

Stop pregnancy(human)

AA88

BR

Fresh/dry

Fresh or dried stem bark or leaves are crushed and pounded, subsequently filtered, and administered orally while also being applied topically on the body.

Dermal

Black leg(Livestock)

BR

Fresh/dry

The fresh or dried stem bark or leaves are subjected to crushing and pounding, followed by filtration, and subsequently administered orally.

Oral

Leeches(Livestock)

RT

Fresh/dry

The dry or fresh root is ground and mixed with water, after which the mixture is filtered and consumed for a duration of four days for livestock and two days for human use.

Oral

Anthrax

RT

Dry/fresh

The dry or fresh root is ground and mixed with water, after which the mixture is filtered and consumed over a period of four days for livestock and two days for human use.

sickness and Mastitis (livestock)

RT

Dry/fresh

The dry or fresh root is ground and mixed with water, after which the mixture is filtered and consumed over a period of four days for livestock and two days for human use.

Rabies (both)

RT

Dry/fresh

The dry or fresh root is ground and mixed with water, after which the mixture is filtered and consumed over a period of four days for livestock and two days for human use.

Stomach problems (both)

Ranunculacea, E

Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.

Fogio(Kf)

H

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed, followed by infusion, and the resulting decoction is consumed in the morning until recovery is achieved.

Oral

Pneumonia (both)

Wild

AA89

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are manually crushed and inserted into the nostrils.

Nasal

Headache (human)

AA90

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L.

Gulo(Or)

SH

RT

Fresh

Fresh roots are crushed and pounded, after which a decoction is prepared and consumed either in the morning or at night.

Oral

Pneumonia (both)

HG&Wild

AA91

RT

Fresh/dry

Fresh or dried roots can be chewed and applied to the affected area as a spray.

Dermal

Body swelling (human)

Rutaceae

Ruta chalepensis L.

Tsertsi(Sh)

H

LF

Fresh

In the morning, individuals chew and ingest fresh leaves and stems.

Oral

Amoeba (human)

HG

AA92

LF

Dry

Dry leaves are brewed like tea and consumed.

Oral

Vomiting (human)

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are ground into a fine powder and combined with oil, after which the mixture is consumed in the morning for a duration of three days.

Oral

Pneumonia (human)

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are consumed directly by humans, while for livestock, they are pounded with water and administered orally, often combined with salt.

Oral

Stomach problem (both)

Asteraceae

Vernonia amygdalina Del.

Gesi(Mj)

SH

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed with water, then strained and consumed in the morning.

Oral

Intestinal parasites (human)

HG&Wild

AA93

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are combined with the leaf of Croton macrostachyus, subsequently pounded and filtered, and then administered orally.

Oral

Stomach problems (livestock)

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are subjected to crushing, pounding, and boiling, followed by the consumption of the infusion and decoction in the morning.

Oral

Jaundice (human)

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed with water, followed by filtration and extraction.

Oral

Malaria (human)

LF

Fresh

Fresh leaves are crushed with water, then filtered and consumed.

Oral

Intestinal parasites (human)

Zingiberaceae

Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Yanjibelo(Kf)

H

RZ

Dry/fresh

The dry or fresh rhizome is combined with salt and subsequently ground into a paste, which is then administered orally.

Oral

Livestock intestinal problem

HG

AA94

RZ

Dry/fresh

Rhizome is either chewed or ground into a powder, subsequently prepared as a tea and consumed.

Oral

Human common cold

Verbenaceae

Clerodenderum myricoides (Hochst.) R.Br. ex Vatke

Agiwo(Kf)

Sh

RT

Dry/fresh

Crushed and pounded dry or fresh roots are boiled in water, then allowed to cool before the resulting decoction is consumed in the morning until recovery is achieved. The fresh stem bark emits a nasal aroma.

Oral

Pneumonia (both)

Wild

AA95

RT

Fresh

Fresh root is masticated and applied to swelling body.

Dermal

Body swelling (human)

LF

Fresh

Leaves are crushed and ground into a fine powder, which is then applied as a spray to the eye.

Optical

Eye problems(Livestock)

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L.

Papaya (Am)

T

Lf

Dry

The leaves of Carica papaya are processed in conjunction with the bulbs of Allium sativum, being ground into a fine powder. This blend is subsequently boiled and mixed with honey. It is recommended to consume one coffee cup of this preparation each morning for a period of three days. The antidote for this mixture is Bulla, which is derived from Enset ventricosum.

Oral

Malaria(Human)

HG

AA96

Lf

Dry

Administer a half cup of freshly ground Carica papaya seeds to the affected animal, or alternatively, combine the crushed seeds with water to create a drench suitable for chickens.

Oral

Watery diarrhea(chicknes)

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Kinchib (Am)

T

Rt

Fresh

The root is chopped into small fragments, pulverized, and mixed with water to form a solution that is given orally to dogs and cats over a duration of three days, utilizing a single coffee cup for measurement.

Oral

Rabies(Livestock and Human)

Wild

AA97

Menispermaceae

Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich.

Nech hareg (Am)

Cl

Rt

Fresh

The root is masticated, and the resulting liquid is ingested, followed by applying it to the abdominal area.

Oral

Stomachache

Wild

AA98